Unit 3 - Scientific Principles and Process

Question 1

What is the Scientific Cycle?

Answer 1

Observation; Construction of Hypothesis; Experimental Design; Gathering, Recording, Analysis of Data; Evaluation of Results; Conclusion; Formation of Revised Hypothesis

Question 2

What is a negative result?

Answer 2

Investigation that fails to find an effect.

Question 3

What is the Null Hypothesis?

Answer 3

Proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment.

Question 4

When is the Null Hypothesis rejected?

Answer 4

If there is evidence for an effect

Question 5

In order to be valid, results must be…

Answer 5

Reproducable

Question 6

When do scientific ideas become accepted?

Answer 6

Once they have been checked independently

Question 7

What must be published in scientific reports so that experiments can be repeated?

Answer 7

Methods, Data, Analysis, and Conclusions

Question 8

Methods of sharing original scientific findings

Answer 8

Seminars, Talks, Posters at conferences, Publishing in academic journals

Question 9

Published data should be…

Answer 9

Peer reviewed and critically evaluated by specialists with expertise in the relevant field

Question 10

What does peer reviewing ensure?

Answer 10

Scientifically correct information is being shared.

Question 11

What is the purpose of review articles?

Answer 11

Summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

Question 12

What are the pros and cons of science in media?

Answer 12

Pro: Public has developed a greater understanding of science

Con: Often it is misrepresented

Question 13

How to prevent misrepresentation of science in media?

Answer 13

Coverage must be critically evaluated

Question 14

What are key importances in science?

Answer 14

Integrity and honesty

Question 15

What does integrity and honesty in science rely on?

Answer 15

Reporting of unbiased presentation of results, citing, and providing references, avoiding plagiarism

Question 16

What reduces the opportunity for dishonesty or deliberate misuse of science?

Answer 16

Replication of experiments by others

Question 17

What are the 3 R’s

Answer 17

Replacement, Reduction, Refinement

Question 18

What is the purpose of the 3 R’s

Answer 18

To avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals

Question 19

What is replacement? (Animal terms)

Answer 19

Replacing the animal with an alternative, such as tissue culture

Question 20

What is reduction? (Animal terms)

Answer 20

Using minimum number of animals in order to obtain robust results

Question 21

What is refinement? (Animal terms)

Answer 21

Using methods that minimise potential pain, suffering or distress on animal

Question 22

Concepts in human trials to ensure human rights are adhered to

Answer 22

Informed consent, the right to withdraw, confidentiality

Question 23

What should be taken into account when doing scientific research on living organisms?

Answer 23

The risk to and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators, and the environment

Question 24

What can influence scientific research?

Answer 24

Legislation, regulation, policy and funding

Question 25

What does legislation limit?

Answer 25

The potential for the misuse of studies and data