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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 3 - Experimentation > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Experimentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Validity

A

Variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable

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2
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent values in repeats and independent replicates

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3
Q

Accuracy

A

Data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value

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4
Q

Precision

A

Measured values are close to each other

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5
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

Small-scale, preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether crucial components of a main study will be feasible

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6
Q

What is a pilot study used for?

A

To help plan procedures, assess validity, and check techniques.

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7
Q

What does a pilot study ensure?

A

An appropriate range of values for the independent variable.

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8
Q

What does a pilot study allow the investigator to do?

A

Establish the number of repeat measurements required to give representative value for each independent datum point

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9
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

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10
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment

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11
Q

What is the difference between simple and multifactorial experiments?

A

Simple: One independent variable

Multifactorial: More than one independent variable

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12
Q

What is a drawback of simple experiments?

A

It’s findings may not be applicable to a wider setting

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13
Q

What is observational studies?

A

Where the independent variable is not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons

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14
Q

What are observational studies good at detecting?

A

Correlation

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15
Q

Why are observational studies less useful for determining causation?

A

They don’t directly test a hypothesis

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16
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Variable, other than independent and dependent, that may affect the results of an investigation

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17
Q

Why must confounding variables be held constant if possible?

A

Their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis

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18
Q

What can be used if confounding variables cannot be controlled easily?

A

A randomised block design

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19
Q

What is a control?

A

An experimental group where no treatment is given

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20
Q

What are control results used for?

A

Comparison with results of treatment groups

21
Q

What does a negative control do?

A

Provides results in the absence of treatments

22
Q

What is a positive control group?

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

23
Q

What can placebos be included as?

A

A treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated

24
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

25
Q

What is “In Vitro?”

A

Refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

26
Q

What is “In vivo?”

A

Refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism

27
Q

Advantage of “In vitro”

A

Better control of your experiment and any confounding variables

28
Q

Disadvantage of “In vitro”

A

Not possible for many biological studies

29
Q

Advantage of “In vivo”

A

Get a better idea of what is going on inside the cell or oganism

30
Q

Disadvantage of “In vivo”

A

Living organisms show great variability which cant be controlled

31
Q

When is a representative sample of a population selected?

A

Where it is impractical to measure every individual

32
Q

What should a representative sample share with the whole population?

A

The same mean and same degree of variation about the mean

33
Q

What is random sampling?

A

When members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

34
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When members of the population are selected at regular intervals

35
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

The population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

36
Q

What is variation in results due to?

A

The reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens

37
Q

What is variation influenced by?

A

Precision and accuracy of repeated measurements

38
Q

How can natural variation in biological material be determined?

A

Measuring a sample of individuals from the population

39
Q

When can results be considered reliable?

A

If they can be achieved consistently

40
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Subjective and descriptive

41
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Can be measured objectively, usually with a numerical value

42
Q

What is ranked data?

A

The data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted from lowest to highest

43
Q

What do box plots show?

A

Variation within and between data sets

44
Q

What are error bars?

A

Graphical representations of the variability of data and used on graphs to indicate the error or uncertainty in a repeated measurement.

45
Q

What do large error bars indicate?

A

High variability

46
Q

What is correlation?

A

An association and does not imply causation

47
Q

When does Causation exist?

A

If the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause change to the value of the dependent variable

48
Q

When does positive correlation exist?

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

49
Q

When does negative correlation exist?

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

Advanced Higher Biology (4 decks)

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