UNIT 3 - SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Flashcards
Structuralism:Who founded the first psychology laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt
What method did Wundt use to study consciousness?
Introspection
What is structuralism concerned with?
Analyzing the basic elements of consciousness.
What are the limitations of introspection?
Subjectivity, lack of verifiability, limited scope, bias.
Who expanded on Wundt’s structuralism?
Edward Titchener
Who developed functionalism?
William James
What is the focus of functionalism?
The purpose (the why) of mental processes in adaptation.
How did James’s view of consciousness differ from Wundt’s?
James saw it as a continuous stream, not static elements.
What is the central question functionalism seeks to answer?
How does the conscious mind operate to adapt?
Who founded behaviorism?
John B. Watson
What is the focus of behaviorism?
Observable behavior and environmental influences.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement and punishment (B.F. Skinner).
What are the three assumptions of behaviorism?
Focus on observable behavior, environmental influence,
importance of reinforcement.
What is the “black box” concept in behaviorism?
The mind is unobservable and should be ignored in study.
What is the core principle of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
What does “Gestalt” mean?
“Whole” or “form.”
What is the focus of Gestalt psychology?
Perception and how the mind organizes it.
What is “insight” in Gestalt psychology?
Sudden understanding of a problem’s solution.
Who are key figures in humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
What is the focus of humanistic psychology?
Human potential, free will, and self-actualization.
What is self-actualization?
Fulfilling one’s potential.
What is unconditional positive regard?
Acceptance and love without judgment.
What is the main idea of Humanistic psychology?
Humans are innately good.
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
What is the focus of psychoanalysis?
The unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
What are the three components of personality in Freud’s theory?
Id, ego, and superego.
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
What is the iceberg metaphor?
The mind is mostly unconscious.
What are defense mechanisms?
Unconscious protective behaviors.
What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism?
Structuralism analyzes elements of consciousness; functionalism examines its purpose.
How does behaviorism differ from psychoanalysis?
Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior; psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious.
What is the main difference between behaviorism and humanism?
Behaviorism is deterministic, humanism emphasizes free will.
What is repression?
Unconsciously blocking unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses
What is denial?
Refusing to acknowledge reality or facts
What is projection?
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.
What is displacement?
Redirecting unacceptable impulses toward a safer target
What is regression?
Reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.
What is rationalization?
Creating acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior.
What is reaction formation?
Behaving in a way that is the opposite of one’s true feelings.
What is sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
What is intellectualization?
Avoiding emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects of a situation.
A person who is angry at their boss yells at their spouse. Which defense mechanism is this?
Displacement.
A person who fails an exam says, “I didn’t want to pass anyway.” Which defense mechanism is this?
Rationalization
A person who has repressed memories of childhood abuse accuses others of abusing them. Which defense mechanism is this?
Projection.
A person who is very stressed starts to suck their thumb. Which defense mechanism is this?
Regression
