UNIT 3 ➜ SAC 2 - Energy systems and Acute responses Flashcards
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Fuel source
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Phosphocreatine
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Glycogen
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
FFAs (At rest)
Carbs, Fats, Proteins (Submax and Maximal)
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Intensity
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
High intensity (> 95% of max HR)
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
High intensity (> 85% of max HR)
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
Submaximal intensity (< 80% of max HR), Resting
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Dominant system duration
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Short duration (1-5 secs)
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Intermediate duration (5-60 secs)
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
Long duration (75+ secs)
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Peak power
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
2-4 secs
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
5-15 secs
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
1-1.5 mins
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Rates and Yields
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
RATE - Fastest rate + Explosive
YIELD - Extremely limited (0.7 ATP per PC mol.)
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
RATE - Fast
YIELD - Small amounts (2-3 ATP per glucose mol.)
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
RATE - Medium
YIELD - Greatest/Largest (38 ATP per glucose mol., 441 ATP per triglyceride mol.)
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the By-products
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Inorganic phosphates (Pi), ADP and AMP
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Lactic acid, H+ ions and ADP
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
CO2, H2O, Heat
For each of the 3 Energy systems,
Identify the Total duration
𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
0-10 secs
𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
10-75 secs
𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
75+ secs
What is Energy Interplay?
A situation where all 3 energy systems contribute to ATP production, with 1 system being the major ATP producer at one time
Contributions from the energy systems depend on…
HINT - 4 dot points
○ Intensity
○ Duration
○ Availability of oxygen
○ Availability of fuel stores
a) What is LIP?
b) What intensity does an athlete usually reach their LIP?
a) The highest exercise intensity where lactate removal and lactate production are balanced
b) 85% max HR, 55-70% VO2 max
What happens when we exercise above our LIP?
○ Increased contribution from the AG system
○ Accumulation of H+ ions and Lactate
○ Decreased time to exhaustion + fatigue
a) Define oxygen uptake/VO2
b) Define VO2 max
a) The volume of O2 able to be taken up by, transported to and used by the body for energy production
b) SAME definition - Just add ‘Maximum’ before volume
a) Define Oxygen deficit
b) Define Steady state
C) Define EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consump.)
a) When oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply
○ ATP supplied Anaerobically
b) When oxygen supply meets oxygen demand
○ ATP supplied Aerobically
c) The period after exercise stops when HR and O2 consumption remain above resting levels
a) What happens during Fast EPOC?
b) What happens during Slow EPOC?
FAST
○ ATP resynthesis
○ PC resynthesis
○ Restore O2 to myoglobin
SLOW
○ Return core temp to pre-exercise levels
○ Oxidation of H+ ions (Lactate ⇨ H2O + O2)
○ Restore HR + ventilation to pre-exercise levels
etc.
List the 4 Respiratory acute responses
○ Increased respiratory rate
○ Increased ventilation
○ Increased tidal volume
○ Increased pulmonary diffusion
List the 8 Cardiovascular acute responses
○ Increased HR
○ Increased Stroke volume
○ Increased Cardiac volume
○ Increased Systolic blood pressure
○ Increased Redistribution of blood flow
○ Increased Venous return
○ Increased AVO2 difference
○ Decreased Blood volume
List the 5 Muscular acute responses
○ Increased Motor unit recruitment
○ Increased Muscle temp.
○ Increased O2 uptake + consumption
○ Increased Metabolic by-products
○ Decreased Energy substrate stores
INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Number of breaths per/min
b) As intensity ⇧, your RR increases to bring more O2 into your lungs = more O2 diffuses into the blood
c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗
INCREASED VENTILATION
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Volume of O2 breathed in per/min 𝐕 = 𝐑𝐑 𝐱 𝐓𝐕
b) Start of exercise = increased breathing rate
Breathe more often + more deeply = ventilation increases to meet O2 demand
c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗
INCREASED TIDAL VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Volume of air breathed in per breath
b) Increased oxygen demand + consumption during exercise = depth of breathing and rate of breathing increases to bring in more oxygen
c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗
INCREASED PULMONARY DIFFUSION
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The transfer of O2 from the alveoli (lungs) to the capillaries (blood)
b) Pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen increases during exercise = alveoli expand/increase their surface area - allowing more gas exchange in the lungs
c) More O2 available to working muscles + Greater removal of CO2
INCREASED HEART RATE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Number of beats of the heart per/min
b) Higher oxygen demand in working muscles = the heart/left ventricle pumps faster to deliver more oxygenated blood around the body
c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED STROKE VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart
b) Higher oxygen demand at working muscles = heart pumps more forcefully/increases the amount of oxygenated blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps
c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT/VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Volume of blood pumped by the heart per/min
b) Higher oxygen demand at working muscles = heart pumps more forcefully/increases the amount of oxygenated blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps
c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts
b) During exercise, Cardiac volume increases to meet oxygen demand = more blood is ejected from the heart = increased blood pressure as more blood is pushing through arteries
c) More oxygenated blood is transported + available for the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Altering the % of cardiac output that is distributed to various body sites
b) Vasoconstriction restricts/limits the blood flow to inactive areas not being used during exercise = redirects oxygenated blood to working muscles via vasodilation
c) More oxygenated blood is transported + available for the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED VENOUS RETURN
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The blood returning to the heart via the venous system
b) Contraction of the skeletal muscles surrounding veins increases the pressure within the veins = forcing blood towards the heart
c) More blood can be reoxygenated + transported to the working muscles to make ATP
INCREASED A-VO2 DIFFERENCE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The difference in the concent. of O2 in the arterial blood and venous blood
b) Working muscles increase the amount of oxygen they extract from the arterial blood during exercise = less O2 in venous blood afterwards, greater a-vO2 difference
c) More oxygen is utilised in the working muscles to make ATP + meet the energy demands of the exercise
DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its implications
a) Total quantity of blood in the body (Plasma + Cellular)
b) During exercise, the body sweats in order to remove excess heat = fluids + plasma are lost in sweat - decreased blood volume due to losing water component in blood
c) Thickens blood due to fluid loss = inhibits blood flow (NEGATIVE effect)
INCREASED MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The number + frequency of motor units recruited for muscle contractions
b) During exercise, your body requires many muscle contractions - the brain sends signals to working muscles, many motor units are recruited to perform the contractions to meet the demands of the activity
c) Greater force (and speed) of contraction within the working muscles
INCREASED MUSCLE TEMP
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) The degree or intensity of heat present in the muscles
b) During exercise, large amounts of heat are produced in working muscles due to contractions/leftover ATP energy = increased muscle temp
c) POSITIVES and NEGATIVES
+ Increased muscle elasticity/flexibility, less risk of injury
- Fatigue factor: Body overheats to heat (e.g. heat stroke)
INCREASED O2 UPTAKE AND CONSUMPTION
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit
a) Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body
b) A greater oxygen demand at working muscles during exercise = the volume of oxygen consumed by the muscles increases as exercise intensity increases
c) Provide working muscles with enough oxygen to make ATP and meet the demands of the exercise
INCREASED METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its implication
a) Substances leftover from metabolic processes
b) During exercise, with Anaerobic contributions, once exceeding LIP, the body isn’t able to remove excess lactic acid & H+ ions = Increased accumulation of metabolic by-products
c) Acts as a fatigue factor, decreased time to exhaustion due to increased acidity in working muscles
DECREASED ENERGY SUBSTRATE STORES
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its implications
a) Fuel sources required for ATP resynthesis
b) Fuel stores are utilised during exercise to make ATP through the breakage of bonds - the body only contains limited stores that can be used by the working muscles
c) Can act as a fatigue factor if fuel depletes and isn’t given time to resynthesis (NEGATIVE effect)
