UNIT 3 ➜ SAC 1 - Skill Acquisition and Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

a) What are Open skills?

b) What are Closed skills?

A

a) Skills performed in a less predictable enviro. where the conditions are constantly changing and the performer has limited control over
their enviro.

b) Skills performed in surroundings where
the performer has the greatest control over the performance enviro.

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2
Q

a) What are Continuous skills?

b) What are Discrete skills?

c) What are Serial skills?

A

a) 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬: Have no clear beginning and end (e.g. Running)

b) 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞: Have a clear beginning and end (e.g. Netball pass)

c) 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥: When several discrete skills are performed in a sequence (e.g. Gymnastics floor routine)

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3
Q

a) What are Gross motor skills?

b) What are Fine motor skills?

A

a) Skills that involve using large muscle groups, and place less emphasis on precision (e.g. Running)

b) Skills that involve using smaller muscles for precise movements (e.g. Dart throwing)

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4
Q

a) What are Fundamental skills?

b) What are Sports-specific skills?

A

a) Foundation skills that provide the basis for developing sports-specific motor skills (e.g. Running, Catching, Throwing)

b) Skills that utilise a range of fundamental skills and are needed to play a specific sport (e.g. Footy - handball, marking etc.)

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5
Q

a) What is Massed practice?

b) What is Distributed practice?

A

a) Having longer but less frequent training sessions

b) Having shorter but more frequent training sessions

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6
Q

a) What is Blocked practice?

b) What is Random practice?

A

a) Practising the same skill continually without changing to a different task

b) The varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of Learning AND provide 2 characteristics of each stage

A
  1. Cognitive
    ◦ Trying to understand/comprehend the skill
    ◦ Rely heavily on feedback
  2. Associative
    ◦ Beginning to refine their technique
    ◦ More consistent: make fewer errors
  3. Autonomous
    ◦ Player can detect + correct their errors
    ◦ Focus on tactics & game-play scenarios
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8
Q

a) What is Intrinsic feedback?

b) What are the 4 types of Intrinsic feedback?

A

a) Internal feedback

b)
◦ 𝐕𝐢𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥 (what the player can see)
◦ 𝐀𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 (what the player can hear)
◦ 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (through internal receptors - e.g. feel yourself overstretching muscles)
◦ 𝐓𝐨𝐮𝐜𝐡 (through skin receptors)

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9
Q

a) What is Augmented feedback?

b) What are the 2 types of Augmented feedback?

A

a) External feedback - from other people (e.g. coaches)

b)
𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬: The specific outcome of the performance - success or failure
𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞: The characteristics of the performance - reasons for success or failure

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10
Q

List the 6 Sociocultural factors that can influence skill development

A

◦ Family
◦ Peers
◦ Gender
◦ SES
◦ Community
◦ Cultural beliefs and Traditions

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11
Q

Outline the 4 steps of Qualitative Movement Analysis

A
  1. Preparation
    𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐟𝐮𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥 - 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐞𝐝 + 𝐰𝐡𝐲?
  2. Observation
    𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥 (𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐝)
  3. Evaluation
    𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 - 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐭 + 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐭 (𝐞.𝐠. 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬, 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚)
  4. Error correction
    𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 - 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞/𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
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12
Q

What is the difference between Direct and Constraints-based coaching?

A

Direct: The coach makes all the decisions and controls the session/drills

Constraints-based: Using boundaries or placing restrictions on the learner during the session

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13
Q

List the 3 types of Constraints AND provide 3 examples of each type

A

Individual
◦ Body size (height, weight)
◦ Fitness level
◦ Mental skills (concentration, confidence)

Environmental - Physical and Social/Cultural
◦ Weather conditions
◦ Family support networks
◦ Societal expectations (e.g. Vic - AFL, NSW - Rugby)

Task
◦ Rules of the sport
◦ Equipment
◦ Field/court dimensions

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14
Q

Define Force (including its formula)

Define Torque (including its formula)

A

A push or pull action acting on an object.
Force = Mass x Acceleration

The measure of the force that causes an object to rotate about an axis
Torque = force x lever arm

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15
Q

What is Friction?

A

A force that acts in the opposite direction to motion when 2 surfaces are in contact with one another

Increased/more friction = Greater control, less chance of slipping

Decreased/less friction = Less control, higher chance of slipping

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16
Q

What is the difference between Impulse and Inertia?

(Including formulas)

A

Impulse - The change in an object’s momentum
(I = Force x Time)

Inertia - An object’s resistance to change its
state of motion
◦ The ⇧ mass of an object = the ⇧ its inertia

17
Q

State Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion

A

1st law: A body will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

2nd law: A force applied to an object will produce a
change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force

3rd law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

18
Q

State Newton’s 3 laws of Angular Motion

A

1st law of AM: The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external
torque.

2nd law of AM: A torque applied to an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction
of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia on the object.

3rd law of AM: For every torque, there is an
equal and opposite torque.

HINT - Similar to Laws of Motion,
Change Force to Torque

19
Q

What is Momentum (include formula)

What factors lead to a change in Momentum?

A

Momentum - A measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion.
(M = Mass x Velocity)

  • Mass OR Velocity of an object is changed (VELOCITY is more common, mass stays the same)
20
Q

What is Angular Momentum?

(Including its formula)

A

The quantity of rotation of a body around an axis
(AM = Moment of Inertia x Angular velocity)

21
Q

What is Force summation?

A

The activation of body parts that are used in sequence to produce force.

22
Q

What is the difference between the Summation of Momentum AND the Conservation of Momentum?

A

Summation - The sequential + coordinated movement of each body segment to produce maximum velocity
(𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 - 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭)

Conservation - The total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision
(𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐦 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧)

23
Q

What is Projectile motion?

What are the 3 factors that influence Projectile motion?

A

An object/body that is launched into the air and is affected only by the forces of gravity and air resistance

  • Angle of release
  • Speed of release
  • Height of release
24
Q

What is the difference between:
- Speed
- Velocity
- Acceleration

(Including formulas)

A

Speed - Time taken to cover a certain distance
𝐒 = 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞

Velocity - Time taken to change position
𝐕 = 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭/𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞

Acceleration - Change in velocity over a
period of time
𝐀 = 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲/𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞

25
Q

What is the difference between:
- Distance
- Displacement

A

Distance - Path travelled by an object from start to finish, regardless of the direction travelled

Displacement - Change in position of an object from the starting position to the finishing position

26
Q

What is the difference between:
- Equilibrium
- Stability
- Balance

A

Equilibrium - When all forces and torques are balanced

Stability - The resistance to the disruption of equilibrium

Balance - The ability to control equilibrium

27
Q

Outline the 4 outcomes that can affect an object’s stability

A
  1. Base of support
  2. Centre of gravity/Line of Gravity
  3. Body mass
  4. Friction between the contact surfaces
28
Q

Define the following terms that can increase STABILITY:
- Base of support
- Centre of gravity
- Line of gravity

A

Base of support - Area of an object that is in contact with the surface
𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐎𝐒 = ⇧ 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐬)

Centre of gravity - Central point of an object that weight is evenly distributed around
⇩ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐎𝐆 = 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐚𝐫𝐞 (𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐬)

Line of gravity - Imaginary line that travels through the centre of gravity into the middle of the base of support
𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐎𝐆 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐎𝐒 = ⇧ 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐧)

29
Q

What is a Lever?

A

A rigid bar that allows the application of increased force and/or speed

30
Q

List each type of Lever AND its mechanical advantage

A

First-class Lever: MA can either be 1, greater than 1 OR less than 1

Second-class Lever: MA of greater than 1

Third-class Lever: MA of less than 1

31
Q

What is Moment of Inertia (including its formula)

A

A body’s reluctance to rotate
(MOI = Mass x Radius²)

32
Q

State the mechanical advantage that will occur with each lever system

A

FIRST-CLASS
Has the potential to be any (depends)
- Balanced movements (1)
- To increase force (>1)
- To increase angular velocity + range of motion (<1)

SECOND-CLASS
- To increase force (>1)
𝐋𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞

THIRD-CLASS
- To increase angular velocity + range of motion (<1)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐚 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

33
Q

Define Mechanical advantage (including its formula)

A

The effectiveness of a lever
(MA = Force arm/Resistance arm)

34
Q

What is Angular speed?

What is Angular velocity?

A

AS - Rate of change of angular distance
(Angular distance/Time)

AV - Rate of change of angular displacement
(Angular displacement/Time)

35
Q

What is Angular acceleration?

A

Angular acceleration - Rate of change of angular velocity
(Change in angular velocity/Time)

36
Q

a) What is the Angular distance?

b) What is the Angular displacement?

A

Angular distance - Sum of all the angular changes

Angular displacement - Difference between the initial and final angular position

37
Q

What are the 3 factors to mention when answering Classification of Skills questions

A
  1. Stability of the environment
    STABLE -
    UNSTABLE -
  2. Timing of the skill
    INTERNALLY PACED - With individual sports
    EXTERNALLY PACED - With teams/opposition
  3. Inter-trial variability
    LOW - Skill performed the same each time
    HIGH - Skill performed differently each time