Unit 3 Revision Flashcards
identify all the pre-requisites for health and wellbeing
- peace
- food
- shelter
- education
- stable ecosystem
- social justice
- equity
- income
- sustainable resources
explain how the old and new public health can promote two pre-requisites
old public health:
- focuses on individual behaviour change through education and awareness campaigns to prevent illnesses
- encourages people to adopt healthy behaviours, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking
- provides screening programs and early detection tests to identify potential health problems before they become serious
new public health:
- recognises that social and environmental factors such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and poor living conditions, contribute to health inequities
- improving living conditions through affordable housing initiatives
- increasing access to healthy food through food assistance programs
- promoting education and job opportunities to reduce poverty
explain the inter-relationship of four of the pre-requisites of health and wellbeing
safe and healthy environment > availability of basic needs
- a safe and healthy environment is essential for meeting basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.
- a safe environment can provide a sense of security, which enables individuals to focus on their basic needs
availability of basic needs > good social support network
- when basic needs are met, individuals can focus on building relationships and social connections.
- having access to basic needs like food, water, and shelter allows individuals to participate in social activities, engage with others, and develop a sense of community. Can lead to a strong social support network
good social support network > education and information
- can provide access to education and information about healthcare, nutrition, and other important aspects of life.
- for instance, having a supportive family or community can encourage individuals to seek out educational opportunities, attend health check-ups, and make informed decisions about their health.
education and information > safe and healthy environment
- access to education and information can also contribute to a safe and healthy environment. Educated individuals are more likely to make informed decisions about their health, which can lead to better health outcomes.
- education can empower individuals to advocate for their rights and create positive changes in their community, leading to a safer and healthier environment
describe all the dimensions of health and wellbeing
PHYSICAL HWB
- related to the functioning of the body and its systems
- encompasses the physical capcity to perform daily activities or tasks
- supported by: regular physical activity; balanced diet; adequate rest/sleep; ideal body weight; absence of illness, disease, or injury
SOCIAL HWB
- refers to the ability to form meaningful relationships and adapt to social situations
- involves the level of support from family and community to ensure equal opportunities
- supported by: strong communication skills; empathy for others; sense of personal accountability
EMOTIONAL HWB
- refers to the ability to express and manage emotions in a positive way, showcasing resilience and emotional security.
- it’s about feeling relaxed and comfortable in everyday life
- being able to cope with challenges
- displaying a positive emotional state
MENTAL HWB
a mentally healthy brain enables individuals to:
- think clearly and make informed decisions
- form positive opinions and perspectives
- process information logically
characteristics of good mental wellbeing include:
- low levels of stress and anxiety
- positive self-esteem
- confidence and optimism
mental wellbeing is not just the absence of mental illness, but rather a state of wellness and flourishing. it is essential for overall health and quality of life
SPIRITUAL HWB
spiritual hwb relates to the intangible aspects of human experience, including:
- hope
- peace
- sense of meaning or value
- reflection on one’s place in the world
it’s highly individualised and can manifest differently in various cultures and traditions, such as:
- organised religion and higher power
- morals and values
- sense of purpose in life
- connection or belonging
in essence, spiritual hwb is about the non-material aspects that give life significance, purpose and direction.
explain the inter-relationship between 2 dimensions of health and wellbeing of you choice
PHYSICAL & MENTAL HWB:
having a positive physical health and wellbeing, such as being free from illness, can enable individuals to participate in physical activity. this can promote positive mental health and wellbeing because being active releases endorphins that help people to feel better about themselves.
having positive mental health and wellbeing, such as having good self-esteem, can contirbute to individuals being more likely to participate in physical activity. This can promote physical health and wellbeing because exercising on a regular basis can improve fitness.
describe how health can be both subjective and dynamic
subjective:
- mental and emotional health are highly subjective.
- factors like happiness stress, anxiety and depression are experienced differently by different individuals, affecting their overall sense of well-being
dynamic:
- diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management are lifestyle factors that can dynamically influence health
- positive chnage in these areas can lead to improvements in health, while negative changes can lead to deterioration
outline the main focus of the following models of health: the social model of health, the biomedical model of health, the old public health, the new public health and the ottawa charter for health promotion
social model of health:
- focuses on the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health
- it addresses poverty, education and employment
- considers how societal structures and inequalities impact health outcomes
- advocates for policies and practices that improve living conditions and promote equity
biomedical model of health:
- concentrates on the biological and physiological aspecrts of health
- views health primarily in terms of the absence of disease or disability
- emphasises diagnosis, treatment, and cure of physical ailments through medical interventions
- relies on scientific research and technological advancements in medicine
old public health:
- centres on controlling infectious diseases and improving sanitation
- clean water supply, swage disposal, vaccination programs
- reduce mortality rates and increase life expectancy by addressing basic health needs
new public health:
- a broader appraoch, integrating prventing, health promotion and addressing determinants of health
- builds on the successes of old public health but includes chronic diseases and lifestyle factors
ottawa charter for health promotion:
- provides a framework for health promotion globally, emphasising empowerment and participation
- building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services
- comprehensive approach to health promotion involving individuals, communities and governments
- enabling people to increase control over their health and improve it
describe the inter-relationship between the biomedical model and social model of health in relation to indigenous health
comprehensive care:
biomedical: provides necessary medical treatments and interventions
social: addresses underlying social and environmental factors
inter-relationship: inegrates medical treatments with strategies that address social determinants of health
explain how health can act as a resource individually, nationally and globally
individually:
- health improves overall quality of life by reducing pain, suffering and the risk of premature deat
- allows individuals to enjoy life, pursue their interests, and achieve personal goals
nationally:
- contributes to economic growth
- reduced healthcare costs and increases workforce participation lead to a more robust economy
globally:
- good health at the global level involves controlling and preventing diseases that can cross borders,
- vaccination programs and disease surveillance, protect populations worldwide
use the bmh and the smh to discuss the variations in health between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations
BMH:
chronic diseases:
- experience higher rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other disease compared to non-Indigenous populations
- these dispartieis are often due to delayed diagnosis, limited access to health care and lack of culturally appropriate medical care
life expectancy:
- generally have a lower life expectancy in contrast
- higher rate of infant mortality, maternal mortality, and preventable diseases
SMH:
socioeconomic status:
- higher unemployment rates, lower income, poorer educational outcomes
- limited access to healthcare, nutritious food, and safe housing which can affect health outcomes
cultural factors:
- loss of langauge, disruption of traditional practices have negatively impacted the health of Indigenous people
- recognises the importance of cultural identity and community cohesion in promoting health
explain how the health care system promotes equity for the medicare, ndis and private health insurance
medicare:
bulkbilling:
- allows patients to receive medical services as no cost by billing medicare directly
- helps reduce out-of-pocket expenses, particularly benefiting low-income indiviudals and families
safety nets:
- provide additional finanaical assistance for individuals and families with high medical costs
ndis:
funding flexibility:
- provides funding directly to participants, giving them the flexibility to choose their own service providers and supports
- indivudals with disabilities to make decisions about their care and promote autonomy
private health insurance:
choice of providers:
- individuals can choose their healthcare providers, including specialists and private hospitals, enhancing their access to a broader range of services
lifetime health cover (LHC):
- indivudals can take out private health insurance early in life through LHC loading
- promotes a balanced risk pool in the private health insurance market, ensuring sustainability and affordability.
identify and discuss one sociocultural, one environmental and one biological factor that contributes the variations in health status between low and high SES groups
sociocultural factor: education
- higher SES groups generally have a better access to quality education, leading to higher health literacy. These groups are more likely to understand health information, make informed health choices, and utilise preventive healthcare services effectively
- people with higher SES tend to adopt healthier lifestyles, reducing the risk of chronic diseases
- educated invidiuals often have better employment opportunities, leading to higher income and better acces to health-promoting resources such as food and housing.
environmental factor: living conditions
- low ses groups are more likely to live in substandard housing conditions, which can include overcrowding, poor ventilation and exposure to a big amount of pollution.
- ^ this would increase the risk of respiratory diseases, infections, and mental health issues
- have higher crime rates and less safe environments which can contribute to higher stress levels and mental health problems
- individuals often have limited access to healthcare facilities and services, including fewer healthcare facilities and providers.
- ^ this can lead to delayed diagonses and treatments, poorer health outcomes and higher morbidity and mortality rates
biological factor: chronic disease prevalence
- higher rates of obesity are often found in low SES groups due to the combination of limited access to healthy foods and lower levels of physical activity.
- ^ can increase the risk of various chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers
- genetic factors can also influence health outcomes across all SES groups.
- low SES is often associated with adverse early life conditions, such as poor maternal health, low birth weight, and inadequate nutrition during childhood.
- ^ can have long-term biological effects, increasing the risk of chronic diseases and impacting overall health status throughout life
explain the following: self-assessed health status, maternal mortality, morbidity, mortality, BMI
self-assessed health status:
- refers to an individual’s subjective evaluation or perception of their own health
- provides insights into overall health perceptions within populationbs and can correlate with actual health outcomes
- done through surverys
maternal mortality:
- refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 after the end of pregancny
- reflects the quality of maternal healthcare, access to services, and socioeconomic factors affecting women’s health
morbidity:
- refers to the incidence or prevalence of a disease, illness, or injury within a population
- disease rates, DALYs
- morbidity data infrom healthcare planning, resource allocation, and public health interventions aimed at preventing and managing diseases and injuries
mortality:
- refers to the incidence of death within a population, typically measured as the number of deaths per 1,000 or 100,000 people in a given time period
- includes overall morality, specific mortality, and age mortality
- social determinants impacting life expectancy and survival rates
body mass index (BMI):
- a measure of body fat based on an individual’s weight in relation to their height
- is calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m)
- correlates with health risks such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and certain cancers
explain three criteria that could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an indigenous health program
health outcomes and impact:
- whether there is a measurable decrease in the incidence and prevalence of specific health conditions targeted by the program, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other infectious diseases
- can improve by monitoring changes in health indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and rates of hospitalisation
cultural appropriateness and community engagement:
- ensuring that the program respects and incorporates Indigenous cultural practices, beliefs, and traditional healing methods.
- ^ includes using culturally appropriate communication, education materials, and health practices
accessibility and sustainability:
access to services:
- evaluating whether the program has improved access to healthcare services for Indigenus communities. This includes assessing the availability of healthcare facilities, affordability and the presence of barriers such as geographic location and transportation
explain how australian dietary guidelines support healthy eating
promoting variety and balance:
- encourages a diverse range of foods from all food groups to ensure a broad spectrum of nutrients
- balancing energy intake with energy expenditure to achieve and maintain a healthy weight
supporting health and well-being
- promotes dietary patterns that reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes
- recommends consuming a variety of nutritious foods while limiting foods and drinks high in saturated fats, added sugars, salt and alcohol
