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Healthcare > Unit 3 review > Flashcards

Unit 3 review Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of digestion

A

Ingestion

Movement

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

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2
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical (physical)
- Chew
- Tear
- Grind
- Mash
- Mix

Chemical
- Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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3
Q

Digestive System Organization

A

Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
- Tube within a tube
- Direct link/path between organs
- Structures: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine
Large Intestine, Rectum

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4
Q

Biology

A

The study of living things

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5
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of an organism or its parts
ex. the parts that make up a mouse
ex. the parts that make up a mouse heart

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6
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the organism works or its parts
ex. how the mouse’s body operates
ex. how the mouse’s heart operates

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7
Q

What is a cell?

A

Cells are often referred to as the building blocks of life.

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8
Q

sequence of how living things are made up:

A

Atom, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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9
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.
- The reason our internal temperature stays the same regardless of our environmental
- We shiver or sweat to keep this temperature constant inside our bod

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10
Q

examples of homeostatis

A

Keeping blood sugar level
Regulating Blood pressure
pupils

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11
Q

Keeping blood sugar level

A

Insulin uses sugar from blood to give it body
If someone has diabetes, they do not have insulin, which means sugar levels are high in blood, and low in body

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12
Q

Regulating Blood pressure

A
  • If we drink too much water, our blood pressure does not rise as our body exerts any extra out of our body.
  • Water goes to blood vessels (arteries)
  • We have receptors inside arteries that detect pressure (more volume)
  • Receptors send message to brain, then brain sends message to kidneys and tells kidneys to make urine(take extra fluid and make it into urine)
  • Then blood pressure goes back down
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13
Q

Pupils

A
  • Can constrict and expand
  • When there is a lot of light, the pupils constrict(close) to protect eye from too much light
  • When there is no light, the pupils dilate (get bigger) to bring in as much light as possible
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14
Q

organism

A
  • living thing made of cells and uses homostatisis to maintain life
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15
Q

Longest and heaviest bone:

A

Femur

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16
Q

Shoulder blades

A

Scapula

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17
Q

Upper arm bone:

A

Humorous

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18
Q

Lower arm bones:

A

Radius and Ulna

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19
Q

Forearm bone that is in line with the pinky finger:

A

Ulna

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20
Q

Forearm bone that is in line with the thumb:

A

Radius

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21
Q

Collar bone:

A

Clavicle

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22
Q

Knee cap:

A

Patella

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23
Q

Breast bone:

A

Sternum

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24
Q

Hip bone:

A

Ileum

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25
Q

Thigh bone:

A

Femur

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26
Q

Weight bearing lower leg bone (the bigger one):

A

Tibula

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27
Q

Non- weight bearing lower leg bone (smaller one):

A

Fibula

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28
Q

Wrist bones:

A

Capels

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29
Q

Ankle bones:

A

Tarsals

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30
Q

Hand bones:

A

Metacarpals

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31
Q

Foot bones:

A

: Metatarsals

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32
Q

Fingers and toes:

A

Phalanges

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33
Q

Attaches bone to bone:

A

Ligaments

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34
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones

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35
Q

missing bonnes not listed

A

cranium, ribs, sacrum, pubis, mandable

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36
Q

Protection from skeletal system

A

The cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the chest

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37
Q

Shape from skeletal system

A

Gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short

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38
Q

support from skeletal system

A

Hold your vital organs in place when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.

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39
Q

movement from skeletal system

A

Muscles are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.

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40
Q

blood protection from skeletal system

A

Red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.

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41
Q

babys bones to adults

A

babys have 350 bones to fuse to create 206
cartigalte form baby grows and calcium makes it bone

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42
Q

Calcium Rich Foods:

A

Broccoli
Milk
Kale
Yogurt
Almonds
Sardines
Cheese

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43
Q

Vitamin D: Why is it so important?

A
  • Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption
  • Vitamin D is like a key that unlocks the door and lets calcium into the body
  • It is found in little foods and therefore is usually bought as a supplement
  • It is also produced when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger your body to procured vitamin D
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44
Q

outer surface of bone

A
  • periosteum
  • thin, dense membrane
  • contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish the bone.
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45
Q

layer in outer surface bone

A
  • compact bone
  • smooth and very hard.
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46
Q

layers of compact bone

A
  • spongy bone
  • not quite as hard as compact bone, but it is still very strong.
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47
Q

Inner most part of bone

A
  • Bone marrow .
  • thick jelly
  • makes red blood cells
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48
Q

Ligaments

A
  • join bone to bone
  • Strong, elastic bands of tissue
  • hold bones together in the joints.
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49
Q

Muscles

A

attached by tendons to bones

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50
Q

sprain

A
  • involves ligament
  • a joint is forced to move into an unnatural position
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51
Q

strain

A
  • involves tendons
  • tendon gets stretched or pulled away from the bone
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52
Q

The Respiratory System

A
  • major function is GAS EXCHANGE
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53
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Inhalation of oxygen gas

Exhalation of carbon dioxide gas

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54
Q

Protection from particles

A

The combination of mucus and cilia allows the
respiratory system to trap irritants and remove
them

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55
Q

Nose (nostrils)

A
  • only external part
  • Providing an airway for respiration
  • Moistening and warming (humidifies) the entering air
  • Filtering inspired air and cleans it of foreign matter
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56
Q

Pharynx

A
  • connects the
    nose to the rest of the
    respiratory system
  • collects incoming air that is
    inhaled from the nose and
    passes it downward to the
    trachea (windpipe)
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57
Q

Larynx

A

Vocal cords are on both sides at
the upper end of the larynx
- air blow from lung sgive vibration

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58
Q

epiglottis

A

The cartilage that covers the
larynx during swallowing

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59
Q

Trachea

A
  • Flexible and mobile tube
    extending from the larynx
  • There are rings of cartilage that
    keep the trachea open
    -
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60
Q

chocking

A

food being
lodged in the trachea

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61
Q

Tracheotomy

A
  • An incision in the neck
    (into the trachea) to form
    a temporary or
    permanent opening
    (tracheostomy)
  • Reroutes air when the
    usual airway is blocked or
    narrowed
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62
Q

Bronchi and Bronchioles

A
  • At the base of the trachea, it bifurcates into two bronchi (s: bronchus)
  • Once inside the lungs, the bronchi further branch into bronchioles
    (to maximize surface area)
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63
Q

Bronchial Tubes

A
  • lined with cilia (like very
    small hairs) that have a
    wave-like motion
  • carry contaminant upward
    and out into the throat,
    where it is either coughed
    up or swallowed
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64
Q

Lungs

A

Two air-filled sacs that aids in the inspiration and
expiration of air (ventilation) and gas exchange

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65
Q

Inhalation:

A

When the diaphragm
contracts, there is more space
in the thoracic cavity

Breathe in to maintain
pressure

66
Q

Exhalation:

A

When the diaphragm
relaxes, there is less space
in the thoracic cavity

Breathe out to maintain
pressure

67
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Each bronchiole branches into
    the final destination for air –
    where gas exchange occurs
  • mak eup lungs
  • Once the air reaches the
    alveoli, your blood vessels
    picks it up and brings it to the
    rest of your cells in the body
68
Q

Gas Exchange at the Respiratory Membrane

A
  • carbon dioxide is a waste product of cells
  • It is very dangerous if it builds up in your body
  • The blood carries the carbon dioxide from your cells to the lungs
  • Therefore, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
69
Q

Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System

A
  • Exercise helps respiratory muscles
    become stronger to expand the
    thoracic more (improve lung
    capacity)
  • Exercise develops capillarization of
    alveoli (improved gas exchange)
70
Q

Listening using a stethoscope

A

AUSCULTATION

71
Q

atria

A

The two upper chambers of the hear

72
Q

ventricles

A

two lower chambers of the heart.

73
Q

septum

A

muscular wall that separates the left right sides of the heart.

74
Q

right side of heart

A

contains oxygen-poor blood because it came from the body.

75
Q

left side of heart

A

contains oxygen- rich blood because it came from the lungs.

76
Q

valves

A

The structures that prevent the backflow of blood in the heart

77
Q

artery

A

type of blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

78
Q

vein

A

type of blood vessels that carry blood towards from the heart

79
Q

capilariry

A

type of blood vessels that serve as an exchange site between the blood and the body cells

80
Q

aorta

A

The largest artery in the body

81
Q

pacemaker

A

group of cells located in the right atrium that regulates the heartbeat rate.

82
Q

blood pressure

A

measurement of the force of which the ventricles contract

83
Q

sphygmometer

A

instrument used to measure a person’s blood pressure.

84
Q

conary arteries

A

the vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscle of the heart.

85
Q

deccribe ARTERIES

A
  • Elestric
  • Muscular
  • Thickest
  • Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
    look at diagram
86
Q

describe VEINS

A
  • Thinner
  • Wide
  • Carries deoxygenated blood from capillaries back to the heart
    look at diagram
87
Q

describe CAPILLARIES

A
  • Walls are only one cell thick to allow for gas exchange
  • Thinnest
  • narrow
  • small
  • Allows for the exchange of nutrients and other substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Connects ends or arteries to veins
    look at diapgram
88
Q

Epicardium:

A

Outside layer
Thin layer
Connective tissue and fat
Outside of myocardium is covered by epicardium

89
Q

Myocardium:

A

Myocardium:
Thick cardiac muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation of heart

90
Q

Endocardium:

A

Inner lining of heart
smooth membrane
Lines chambers of heart and valves
Covers inside if blood vessels of the cardiovascular system

91
Q

Pericardium:

A

Tough membrane that is protection for heart
Not directly connected to heart
Has two layers
Has fluid which acts like a lubricant which allows for free movement

92
Q

Disease of pericardium

A

Disease called pericarditis can occur when fibrous sac becomes inflamed

93
Q

Arteriosclerosis:

A

When Coronary Arteries get Completely Blocked

94
Q

Saturated fats:

A

Fats that are solid at room temperature
Animal products are good examples of saturated fats
Whole milk, cream

95
Q

Trans Fat:

A

man made fat
snacks, pizza, chips
contains hydrogenated oil

96
Q

Cholesterol:

A

Foods that contribute to high cholesterol like eggs yolks, meat and cheese

97
Q

Mouth

A
  • Teeth mechanically
    break down food into
    small pieces.
  • Tongue
    mixes food with saliva
    (contains amylase,
    which helps break down
    starch).
98
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • flap-like
    structure at the back of
    the throat
  • covers trachea preventing food from
    entering it.
  • located in pharynx
99
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Secrete mucus
  • Moves food from the throat to
    the stomach
  • ## does this through muslce movemnets called paratalsis
100
Q

heartburn

A

If acid from the stomach gets in esophgus

101
Q

Stomach

A
  • J-shaped muscular bag that stores food and breaks it down into tiny pieces
  • Mixes food with Digestive Juices
  • contain enzymes to break down Proteins and Lipids.
  • Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
  • food in stomach is called chyme
102
Q

Small Intestine

A

Nutrients into the
bloodstream through the small
intestine walls
- Absorbs: 80% ingested water

Vitamins

Minerals

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids
Secretes digestive enzymes

103
Q

Vili

A
  • Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
    projections called villi,
  • increase surface
    area.
  • villi are covered in microvilli which
    further increases surface area for
    absorption.
104
Q

Large Intestine

A

Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb

Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).

105
Q

large intestine functions

A

Bacterial digestion
- Ferment carbohydrates
Absorbs more water

Concentrate wastes

106
Q

Accessory Organs

A
  • Not part of the path
    of food, but play a
    critical role.
  • Include: Liver, gall
    bladder, and
    pancreas
107
Q

Liver

A
  • Directly affects digestion by producing
    bile
  • Bile helps digest fat
  • filters out toxins and waste including
    drugs and alcohol and poisons.
108
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • Stores bile from the
    liver, releases it into the
    small intestine.
  • Fatty diets can cause
    gallstones
109
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Produces digestive
    enzymes to digest fats,
    carbohydrates and
    proteins
  • Regulates blood sugar
    by producing insulin
110
Q

What two bowel diseases does IBD include?

A
  • Crohn’s disease: Affects the entire digestive system (gum to bum). Involves the thickness of bowel wall to outermost layer of digestive tract
  • Ulcerative colitis (UC): Affects colon or large intestine. Involves the inner lining of the mucosa
111
Q

IBD:

A

irritable bowel disease

112
Q

What are some common symptoms of IBD?

A

Stomach pain
Change in bowel habits (urgent movements)
Weight loss
Decreased appetite
fever
Night sweat
Tiredness

113
Q

What does it mean by “flare up” and “remission?”

A

Flare up: Severe symptoms
Remission: Fewer or no symptoms

114
Q

At what age do people often get diagnosed with IBD?

A

Disganoised in young people (15-25) but can happen to anyone

115
Q

How many people does IBD affect in Canada compared to the rest of the world

A

Occurs in 1 in 150 person
230, 00 Canadians
1/350 in the world

116
Q

Explain what happens to the bowels of someone who has IBD? How does it happen?

A

Immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy tissue creating inflammation
This happens due to environmental changes

117
Q

What sometimes happens to the walls of the intestine? What is this called?

A

It thickens, blocking passage to bring in food. Deep ulcers break through the wall of intestine causing infection outside the bowel. This is called an abscess

118
Q

If it spreads to the skin and breaks through what is it called?

A

It is called a fistula

119
Q

brain atonomy

A

Frontal Lobe:
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Medulla (part of the brain stem):
Cerebellum:

120
Q

Frontal Lobe:

A

Movement, language, body functions

121
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Controls senses, speech and writing

122
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual perception, color ,depth perception

123
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

emotions, senses

124
Q

Cerebellum:

A

muscle control, balance, movement

125
Q

Medulla (part of the brain stem):

A

Vital signs
controls vital processes (heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure)
Reflex actions (swallowing)
Manages heart, circulation and breathing

126
Q

What are meninges and what is their purpose?

A

Membranes around the brain and spinal cord that have cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in between the layers that act as a cushion.

127
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS):

A
  • brain and spinal cord covered by bone and vertebrae, for protection
  • , fluid and tissue also insulate the brain and spinal cord
  • fluid is called cerebral spinal fluid
  • located within the meninges (membranes) around the brain and spinal cord.
128
Q

where does spinal cord run

A

between the ___Brain______ and the ____L2___vertebrae

129
Q

where are lunbar puntures taken

A

done between___L4__ and ___L5__to prevent damage to the cord.

130
Q

CFS clear

A

normal

131
Q

If CSF is bloody

A

Bleeding in the brain

132
Q

If CSF is cloudy

A

Infection like meningitis

133
Q

What is meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

134
Q

The medical term for brain:

A

encephal

135
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain

136
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of:

A

Nerves (neurons)

137
Q

The nerves inside the cranium (skull) are called:

A

Cranial nerves

138
Q

The nerves that leave the spine are called:

A

Spinal nerves

139
Q

What is the difference between motor neurons and sensory neurons?

A

ensory neurons send messages to spinal cord of any pain/unusual feeling
Motor neurons send messages to the finger to move from the thing causing the pain

140
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cell
  • ## gather and transmit electrochemical signals
141
Q

synpase

A
  • nerouns/message being transmitted to nerves without touching
142
Q

Assessing the Nervous System

A

Neural pathways (reflex)
Pupil Reflex/Response Test:
glasgow coma scale

143
Q

Pupil Reflex/Response Test:

A
  • If it doesn’t react: Brain damage
  • iRght pupil constricts / Left pupil stays dilated: Right side is damaged
  • Right pupil stays dilated / Left pupil constricts: Left side of damaged
  • Right pupil stays dilated / Left pupil stays dilated: Both sides are damaged
144
Q

PEARL

A

pupils, equal and reactive to light
(this means everything is working!)

145
Q

Concussion

A

when the brain jiggles inside the skull

146
Q

CTE:

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a brain disease caused by multiple blows/hits to the head. It causes erratic behavior including memory loss, thoughts of suicide, aggression, etc.

147
Q

Lost fluid in body

A
  • As the blood flows through the capillaries, it is under pressure.
  • Because of this pressure, fluid seeps out of the arterial side of the capillaries.
  • tiny lymph capillaries pick up these lost fluids and transport them back to the heart through lymph vessels.
148
Q

Lyth nodes

A
  • small structures that work as filters for harmful substances.
    as this “lymph fluid” flows through the lymph vessels, it is filtered through lymph nodes
  • white blood cells remove bacteria and other foreign materials.
149
Q

Lythmatic duct

A
  • lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct
  • goes to the bloodstream, where it is recirculated back to the tissues
150
Q

Tonsils

A

-two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat
- defense mechnisum
- immune system’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens

151
Q

lytmth vessels

A
  • route lymph fluid through nodes throughout the body
  • nodes contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid
152
Q

Edema:

A
  • accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body.
  • accumulation of fluid may be under the skin - usually in dependent areas such as the legs or ankels
153
Q

How to fix edema

A

Elevate legs
Diuretics

154
Q

Weeping legs

A

Leg swelling due to congestive heart failure is very common.
The swelling is due to excess fluid that backs up because the heart muscle is weak and cannot pump well.

155
Q

llyhatic system parts

A
  • tonsils
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • lymth nodes
156
Q

Asthma

A
  • Muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles
    spasm and cause bronchioconstriction
  • Excess mucus is secreted causing a
    narrowing of the airway
  • Many triggers including exercise, cold air,
    and irritants/allergens
157
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Narrowing of the airways from
    the inflammation of the
    bronchial tubes
  • Excess mucus is secreted
    causing a narrowing of the
    airway
  • Acute bronchitis often develops
    from a cold or viral infection
158
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of the lungs, alveoli, and
    bronchioles caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal
    infection
  • causes fluid build-up, coughing, fever, and
    malaise
  • High mortality rate in elderly
159
Q

Emphysema

A
  • A condition within the lungs that limits the
    ability to breathe due to damaged/collapsed
    alveoli
  • Smoking is generally the main cause, along
    with inhalation of air pollution and chemical
    fumes
  • Damaged cells in the lungs lead to both
    alveoli and bronchial tubes rupturing and
    leaving behind holes
160
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Abnormally thick mucus created in the
    conducting zone of the respiratory tract
    resulting in an obstructed airway
  • Defect in gene causes cells to retain more
    water and salt which leads to thickened
    mucus production
  • Infections are common due to build up of
    mucus in the airways
161
Q
A

Healthcare (6 decks)

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