Unit 3 review Flashcards
Phases of digestion
Ingestion
Movement
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Types of digestion
Mechanical (physical)
- Chew
- Tear
- Grind
- Mash
- Mix
Chemical
- Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Digestive System Organization
Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
- Tube within a tube
- Direct link/path between organs
- Structures: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine
Large Intestine, Rectum
Biology
The study of living things
Anatomy
The study of the structure of an organism or its parts
ex. the parts that make up a mouse
ex. the parts that make up a mouse heart
Physiology
The study of the organism works or its parts
ex. how the mouse’s body operates
ex. how the mouse’s heart operates
What is a cell?
Cells are often referred to as the building blocks of life.
sequence of how living things are made up:
Atom, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is Homeostasis?
The ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.
- The reason our internal temperature stays the same regardless of our environmental
- We shiver or sweat to keep this temperature constant inside our bod
examples of homeostatis
Keeping blood sugar level
Regulating Blood pressure
pupils
Keeping blood sugar level
Insulin uses sugar from blood to give it body
If someone has diabetes, they do not have insulin, which means sugar levels are high in blood, and low in body
Regulating Blood pressure
- If we drink too much water, our blood pressure does not rise as our body exerts any extra out of our body.
- Water goes to blood vessels (arteries)
- We have receptors inside arteries that detect pressure (more volume)
- Receptors send message to brain, then brain sends message to kidneys and tells kidneys to make urine(take extra fluid and make it into urine)
- Then blood pressure goes back down
Pupils
- Can constrict and expand
- When there is a lot of light, the pupils constrict(close) to protect eye from too much light
- When there is no light, the pupils dilate (get bigger) to bring in as much light as possible
organism
- living thing made of cells and uses homostatisis to maintain life
Longest and heaviest bone:
Femur
Shoulder blades
Scapula
Upper arm bone:
Humorous
Lower arm bones:
Radius and Ulna
Forearm bone that is in line with the pinky finger:
Ulna
Forearm bone that is in line with the thumb:
Radius
Collar bone:
Clavicle
Knee cap:
Patella
Breast bone:
Sternum
Hip bone:
Ileum
Thigh bone:
Femur
Weight bearing lower leg bone (the bigger one):
Tibula
Non- weight bearing lower leg bone (smaller one):
Fibula
Wrist bones:
Capels
Ankle bones:
Tarsals
Hand bones:
Metacarpals
Foot bones:
: Metatarsals
Fingers and toes:
Phalanges
Attaches bone to bone:
Ligaments
What is cartilage?
Strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones
missing bonnes not listed
cranium, ribs, sacrum, pubis, mandable
Protection from skeletal system
The cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the chest
Shape from skeletal system
Gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short
support from skeletal system
Hold your vital organs in place when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.
movement from skeletal system
Muscles are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.
blood protection from skeletal system
Red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
babys bones to adults
babys have 350 bones to fuse to create 206
cartigalte form baby grows and calcium makes it bone
Calcium Rich Foods:
Broccoli
Milk
Kale
Yogurt
Almonds
Sardines
Cheese
Vitamin D: Why is it so important?
- Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption
- Vitamin D is like a key that unlocks the door and lets calcium into the body
- It is found in little foods and therefore is usually bought as a supplement
- It is also produced when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger your body to procured vitamin D
outer surface of bone
- periosteum
- thin, dense membrane
- contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish the bone.
layer in outer surface bone
- compact bone
- smooth and very hard.
layers of compact bone
- spongy bone
- not quite as hard as compact bone, but it is still very strong.
Inner most part of bone
- Bone marrow .
- thick jelly
- makes red blood cells
Ligaments
- join bone to bone
- Strong, elastic bands of tissue
- hold bones together in the joints.
Muscles
attached by tendons to bones
sprain
- involves ligament
- a joint is forced to move into an unnatural position
strain
- involves tendons
- tendon gets stretched or pulled away from the bone
The Respiratory System
- major function is GAS EXCHANGE
Gas Exchange
Inhalation of oxygen gas
Exhalation of carbon dioxide gas
Protection from particles
The combination of mucus and cilia allows the
respiratory system to trap irritants and remove
them
Nose (nostrils)
- only external part
- Providing an airway for respiration
- Moistening and warming (humidifies) the entering air
- Filtering inspired air and cleans it of foreign matter
Pharynx
- connects the
nose to the rest of the
respiratory system - collects incoming air that is
inhaled from the nose and
passes it downward to the
trachea (windpipe)
Larynx
Vocal cords are on both sides at
the upper end of the larynx
- air blow from lung sgive vibration
epiglottis
The cartilage that covers the
larynx during swallowing
Trachea
- Flexible and mobile tube
extending from the larynx - There are rings of cartilage that
keep the trachea open
-
chocking
food being
lodged in the trachea
Tracheotomy
- An incision in the neck
(into the trachea) to form
a temporary or
permanent opening
(tracheostomy) - Reroutes air when the
usual airway is blocked or
narrowed
Bronchi and Bronchioles
- At the base of the trachea, it bifurcates into two bronchi (s: bronchus)
- Once inside the lungs, the bronchi further branch into bronchioles
(to maximize surface area)
Bronchial Tubes
- lined with cilia (like very
small hairs) that have a
wave-like motion - carry contaminant upward
and out into the throat,
where it is either coughed
up or swallowed
Lungs
Two air-filled sacs that aids in the inspiration and
expiration of air (ventilation) and gas exchange
Inhalation:
When the diaphragm
contracts, there is more space
in the thoracic cavity
Breathe in to maintain
pressure
Exhalation:
When the diaphragm
relaxes, there is less space
in the thoracic cavity
Breathe out to maintain
pressure
Alveoli
- Each bronchiole branches into
the final destination for air –
where gas exchange occurs - mak eup lungs
- Once the air reaches the
alveoli, your blood vessels
picks it up and brings it to the
rest of your cells in the body
Gas Exchange at the Respiratory Membrane
- carbon dioxide is a waste product of cells
- It is very dangerous if it builds up in your body
- The blood carries the carbon dioxide from your cells to the lungs
- Therefore, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System
- Exercise helps respiratory muscles
become stronger to expand the
thoracic more (improve lung
capacity) - Exercise develops capillarization of
alveoli (improved gas exchange)
Listening using a stethoscope
AUSCULTATION
atria
The two upper chambers of the hear
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart.
septum
muscular wall that separates the left right sides of the heart.
right side of heart
contains oxygen-poor blood because it came from the body.
left side of heart
contains oxygen- rich blood because it came from the lungs.
valves
The structures that prevent the backflow of blood in the heart
artery
type of blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
vein
type of blood vessels that carry blood towards from the heart
capilariry
type of blood vessels that serve as an exchange site between the blood and the body cells
aorta
The largest artery in the body
pacemaker
group of cells located in the right atrium that regulates the heartbeat rate.
blood pressure
measurement of the force of which the ventricles contract
sphygmometer
instrument used to measure a person’s blood pressure.
conary arteries
the vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscle of the heart.
deccribe ARTERIES
- Elestric
- Muscular
- Thickest
- Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
look at diagram
describe VEINS
- Thinner
- Wide
- Carries deoxygenated blood from capillaries back to the heart
look at diagram
describe CAPILLARIES
- Walls are only one cell thick to allow for gas exchange
- Thinnest
- narrow
- small
- Allows for the exchange of nutrients and other substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Connects ends or arteries to veins
look at diapgram
Epicardium:
Outside layer
Thin layer
Connective tissue and fat
Outside of myocardium is covered by epicardium
Myocardium:
Myocardium:
Thick cardiac muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation of heart
Endocardium:
Inner lining of heart
smooth membrane
Lines chambers of heart and valves
Covers inside if blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
Pericardium:
Tough membrane that is protection for heart
Not directly connected to heart
Has two layers
Has fluid which acts like a lubricant which allows for free movement
Disease of pericardium
Disease called pericarditis can occur when fibrous sac becomes inflamed
Arteriosclerosis:
When Coronary Arteries get Completely Blocked
Saturated fats:
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Animal products are good examples of saturated fats
Whole milk, cream
Trans Fat:
man made fat
snacks, pizza, chips
contains hydrogenated oil
Cholesterol:
Foods that contribute to high cholesterol like eggs yolks, meat and cheese
Mouth
- Teeth mechanically
break down food into
small pieces. - Tongue
mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase,
which helps break down
starch).
Epiglottis
- flap-like
structure at the back of
the throat - covers trachea preventing food from
entering it. - located in pharynx
Esophagus
- Secrete mucus
- Moves food from the throat to
the stomach - ## does this through muslce movemnets called paratalsis
heartburn
If acid from the stomach gets in esophgus
Stomach
- J-shaped muscular bag that stores food and breaks it down into tiny pieces
- Mixes food with Digestive Juices
- contain enzymes to break down Proteins and Lipids.
- Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
- food in stomach is called chyme
Small Intestine
Nutrients into the
bloodstream through the small
intestine walls
- Absorbs: 80% ingested water
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Secretes digestive enzymes
Vili
- Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, - increase surface
area. - villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.
Large Intestine
Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb
Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).
large intestine functions
Bacterial digestion
- Ferment carbohydrates
Absorbs more water
Concentrate wastes
Accessory Organs
- Not part of the path
of food, but play a
critical role. - Include: Liver, gall
bladder, and
pancreas
Liver
- Directly affects digestion by producing
bile - Bile helps digest fat
- filters out toxins and waste including
drugs and alcohol and poisons.
Gall Bladder
- Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into the
small intestine. - Fatty diets can cause
gallstones
Pancreas
- Produces digestive
enzymes to digest fats,
carbohydrates and
proteins - Regulates blood sugar
by producing insulin
What two bowel diseases does IBD include?
- Crohn’s disease: Affects the entire digestive system (gum to bum). Involves the thickness of bowel wall to outermost layer of digestive tract
- Ulcerative colitis (UC): Affects colon or large intestine. Involves the inner lining of the mucosa
IBD:
irritable bowel disease
What are some common symptoms of IBD?
Stomach pain
Change in bowel habits (urgent movements)
Weight loss
Decreased appetite
fever
Night sweat
Tiredness
What does it mean by “flare up” and “remission?”
Flare up: Severe symptoms
Remission: Fewer or no symptoms
At what age do people often get diagnosed with IBD?
Disganoised in young people (15-25) but can happen to anyone
How many people does IBD affect in Canada compared to the rest of the world
Occurs in 1 in 150 person
230, 00 Canadians
1/350 in the world
Explain what happens to the bowels of someone who has IBD? How does it happen?
Immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy tissue creating inflammation
This happens due to environmental changes
What sometimes happens to the walls of the intestine? What is this called?
It thickens, blocking passage to bring in food. Deep ulcers break through the wall of intestine causing infection outside the bowel. This is called an abscess
If it spreads to the skin and breaks through what is it called?
It is called a fistula
brain atonomy
Frontal Lobe:
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Medulla (part of the brain stem):
Cerebellum:
Frontal Lobe:
Movement, language, body functions
Parietal Lobe
Controls senses, speech and writing
Occipital Lobe
visual perception, color ,depth perception
Temporal Lobe
emotions, senses
Cerebellum:
muscle control, balance, movement
Medulla (part of the brain stem):
Vital signs
controls vital processes (heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure)
Reflex actions (swallowing)
Manages heart, circulation and breathing
What are meninges and what is their purpose?
Membranes around the brain and spinal cord that have cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in between the layers that act as a cushion.
The Central Nervous System (CNS):
- brain and spinal cord covered by bone and vertebrae, for protection
- , fluid and tissue also insulate the brain and spinal cord
- fluid is called cerebral spinal fluid
- located within the meninges (membranes) around the brain and spinal cord.
where does spinal cord run
between the ___Brain______ and the ____L2___vertebrae
where are lunbar puntures taken
done between___L4__ and ___L5__to prevent damage to the cord.
CFS clear
normal
If CSF is bloody
Bleeding in the brain
If CSF is cloudy
Infection like meningitis
What is meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
The medical term for brain:
encephal
What is encephalitis?
inflammation of the brain
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of:
Nerves (neurons)
The nerves inside the cranium (skull) are called:
Cranial nerves
The nerves that leave the spine are called:
Spinal nerves
What is the difference between motor neurons and sensory neurons?
ensory neurons send messages to spinal cord of any pain/unusual feeling
Motor neurons send messages to the finger to move from the thing causing the pain
Neurons
- nerve cell
- ## gather and transmit electrochemical signals
synpase
- nerouns/message being transmitted to nerves without touching
Assessing the Nervous System
Neural pathways (reflex)
Pupil Reflex/Response Test:
glasgow coma scale
Pupil Reflex/Response Test:
- If it doesn’t react: Brain damage
- iRght pupil constricts / Left pupil stays dilated: Right side is damaged
- Right pupil stays dilated / Left pupil constricts: Left side of damaged
- Right pupil stays dilated / Left pupil stays dilated: Both sides are damaged
PEARL
pupils, equal and reactive to light
(this means everything is working!)
Concussion
when the brain jiggles inside the skull
CTE:
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a brain disease caused by multiple blows/hits to the head. It causes erratic behavior including memory loss, thoughts of suicide, aggression, etc.
Lost fluid in body
- As the blood flows through the capillaries, it is under pressure.
- Because of this pressure, fluid seeps out of the arterial side of the capillaries.
- tiny lymph capillaries pick up these lost fluids and transport them back to the heart through lymph vessels.
Lyth nodes
- small structures that work as filters for harmful substances.
as this “lymph fluid” flows through the lymph vessels, it is filtered through lymph nodes - white blood cells remove bacteria and other foreign materials.
Lythmatic duct
- lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct
- goes to the bloodstream, where it is recirculated back to the tissues
Tonsils
-two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat
- defense mechnisum
- immune system’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens
lytmth vessels
- route lymph fluid through nodes throughout the body
- nodes contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid
Edema:
- accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body.
- accumulation of fluid may be under the skin - usually in dependent areas such as the legs or ankels
How to fix edema
Elevate legs
Diuretics
Weeping legs
Leg swelling due to congestive heart failure is very common.
The swelling is due to excess fluid that backs up because the heart muscle is weak and cannot pump well.
llyhatic system parts
- tonsils
- thymus
- spleen
- lymth nodes
Asthma
- Muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles
spasm and cause bronchioconstriction - Excess mucus is secreted causing a
narrowing of the airway - Many triggers including exercise, cold air,
and irritants/allergens
Bronchitis
- Narrowing of the airways from
the inflammation of the
bronchial tubes - Excess mucus is secreted
causing a narrowing of the
airway - Acute bronchitis often develops
from a cold or viral infection
Pneumonia
- inflammation of the lungs, alveoli, and
bronchioles caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal
infection - causes fluid build-up, coughing, fever, and
malaise - High mortality rate in elderly
Emphysema
- A condition within the lungs that limits the
ability to breathe due to damaged/collapsed
alveoli - Smoking is generally the main cause, along
with inhalation of air pollution and chemical
fumes - Damaged cells in the lungs lead to both
alveoli and bronchial tubes rupturing and
leaving behind holes
Cystic Fibrosis
- Abnormally thick mucus created in the
conducting zone of the respiratory tract
resulting in an obstructed airway - Defect in gene causes cells to retain more
water and salt which leads to thickened
mucus production - Infections are common due to build up of
mucus in the airways
