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Biology > Unit 3- plants, fungi, protists > Flashcards

Unit 3- plants, fungi, protists Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic organisms
  • chloroplast and mitochondria were once primitive bacterial cells
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2
Q

how did endosymbiosis happen

A

a large prokaryote ingested a smaller prokaryote

  • gained entry to the host as undigested prey or parasite
  • they became dependent on one another for survival(symbiotic)
  • resulting in a permanent relationship.
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3
Q

What is the proof behind endosymbiosis

A
  • have their own circular DNA
  • have similar-sized ribosomes as bacterial ribosomes
  • have a double membrane
  • reproduce like bacteria binary fission.
  • are approximately the same size as bacteria
  • are sensitive to certain antibiotics
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4
Q

What are protists

A 
mostly unicellular aquatic organisms
It's the most diverse kingdom, all eukaryotic. with 3 types
animal-like
fungi like
plant-like
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5
Q

what are plant-like protist, algae

A

autotrophs
contain chlorophyll
have cell walls
2 major groups

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6
Q

what are the 2 major plant-like protist groups

A

unicellular algae- phytoplankton

multicellular algae- seaweed

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7
Q

unicellular protists- explain____ why is it important and what overpopulation does

A

very important because…

  1. begin every aquatic food chain.
  2. produce atmospheric o2
  3. overpopulation causes large consumption of 02, the fish die because of the lack of o2, swamps result
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8
Q

What are multicellular algae

A
  • no real tissue, really just a colony
  • food source for fish and humans
  • call walls of red agar used to make gel caps, agar and cosmetics.
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9
Q

What are the pseudopods

A

pseudopods- move with cytoplasmic projections called pseudopods- false feet. Example- amoeba

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10
Q

What are animal-like protists

A

heterotrophs except for euglena

classified by how they move

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11
Q

What are flagellates

A

move with a long whip-like flagellum- one or more flagella. Ex. Euglena

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12
Q

What are ciliates

A

move with cilia - short hair-like projections that can cover the cell. ex.paramecium.

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13
Q

What is Sporozoa

A

have no means of locomotion

many parasites depend on host body fluids to move. ex Malaria

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14
Q

Fungus like protist

A

slime moulds
multicellular body like giant amoeba called a plasmodium.
reproduce asexually with spores, like fruiting bodies.

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15
Q

list 3 Fungus importance

A

1.decomposers
2. some species produce antibiotics ex. penicilium
3.food source- mushrooms, blue cheese
__yeast- to make bread and wine

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16
Q

similarities between plants and fungi

A
  1. eukaryotic cells
  2. numerous organelles
  3. multicellular (except yeast)
  4. have cell walls
  5. anchored in the soil
  6. stationary
  7. reproduce sexually or asexually.
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17
Q

Difference between fungi and plants

A
  1. plants have 1 nucleus, fungi have many nuclei per cell
  2. plants r autrotrophs, gungi are hetorotrophs
  3. plants have roots, fungi have no roots
  4. plants have cellulose, fungi have chitin in cell walls
  5. plants reproduce by seeds, fungi have no seeds/
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18
Q

Info tab

A

Fungi are made of thin filaments called hyphae.

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19
Q

What are the different types of hyphae

A

a) septa-cross walls, have pores which allow the movement of cytoplasm & nuclei between cells.
b) no cross walls- cant see individual cells.ie tubes allowing cytoplasm and nuclei to flow freely.

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20
Q

What is mycelium

A

formed by many intertwined hyphae.ie colony usually forms on or below surface of soil

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21
Q

When do fungi reproduce asexually and when do they reproduce sexually.

A

asexually when conditions are favourable

sexually when conditions are unfavourable.ie limited nutrients and water.

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22
Q

What are unicellular reproductive cells called

A

spores, they are formed in specialised spore cases called sporangia (um)

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23
Q

What is a gene

A

section of DNA that codes for one characteristic

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24
Q

What is an allele

A

variations of a gene. ex. tall and short

all alleles are represented by the same letter

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25
Q

What is genotype

A

the pair of alleles present in an organism

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26
Q

What is phenotype

A

physical appearance

of organism

27
Q

What is gene locus

A

the exact position of a gene on a chromosome

28
Q

linked genes and non linked info tab

A

-Linked genes will be inherited together because they
are found on the same chromosome.
-non linked genes will be inherited individually because they are found on different chromosomes

29
Q

What is the Principle of Independent Assortment

A

-each trait is inherited independently
-alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes
assort independently during gamete formation.
linked genes do follow the Principle of Independent Assortment

30
Q

What are the 3 types of mature cells incapable of cell division?

A
  • dermal tissue
  • vascular tissue
  • ground tissue
31
Q

What 2 parts of dermal tissue exists.

A

primary growth- epidermis, single layer of cells in
non-woody and young woody plants
secondary growth periderm (bark)- found in mature woody plants

32
Q

What are trichomes -specialised epidermal tissue

A

cool surfaces and prevent evaporation

33
Q

What are root hairs -specialised epidermal tissue

A

increase surface area to aid absorption

34
Q

What surrounds the stoma

A

paired gaur cells.

35
Q

What is the dermal tissue and what is its role

A

the outer covering of plants

its role is to protect against injury, herbivores, diseases and water loss.

36
Q

What is the vascular tissue in plants and what is its role

A

the transport system its role is to transport water and nutrients and support he plant body

37
Q

What does xylem transport and what does phloem transport (vascular tissue)

A

xylem- transport water and minerals

phloem- transports food-sugar

38
Q

What is ground tissue and its role?

A

cells between dermal and vascular tissue. Its role is to store carbohydrates, support and protect the plant body.

39
Q

What are the 3 types of ground tissue

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

40
Q

What is the function of parenchyma

A

photosynthesis & cell respiration
storage
regenration

41
Q

What is the function of collenchyma

A

flexible support system

42
Q

What is the function of sclerenchyma

A

structural support

43
Q

What does meristematic mean

A

cells are capable of cell division.

44
Q

what does Permanent mean

A

mature cells are incapable of cell division.

45
Q

What are simples composed of

A

tissue composed of single cell type.

  • epidermis
  • parenchyma
  • collenchyma
  • sclerenchyma
46
Q

What are complex composed of

A

tissue composed of more than one cell type

  • xylem
  • phloem
47
Q

What are the two types of meristematic

A

apical meristematic- causes primary growth, occurs at tips of roots and shoot. produces new leaves and flowers
lateral meristematic- produces bark on trees

48
Q

What are nonvascular and give examples

A

lack specialised organs: roots, stems, leaves.

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

49
Q

What are vascular and give examples

A

have specialised organs

50
Q

What are the 3 types of vascular plants

A

seedless, naked seed, protected seed.

51
Q

Example of seedless vascular plants

A

ferns

52
Q

What are naked vascular seeds called

A

gymnosperms aka non-flowering plants

53
Q

What are protected seeds in vascular plants

A

angiosperms- aka flowering plants

54
Q

Difference between monocot and dicot seeds

A

monocot- one cotyledon

dicot- two cotyledon

55
Q

Difference between monocot and dicot roots

A

monocot- has The fibrous root grows horizontally in all directions and thus doesn’t reach deep into the soil.
dicot- has Taproot which grows vertically downwards and thus reaches deep into the soil.

56
Q

Difference between monocot and dicot stem

A

monocot- scattered stems

dicot-ringed stems

57
Q

Difference between monocot and dicot leaves.

A

monocot- parallel leaves

dicot- net-like leaves

58
Q

Difference between monocot and dicot flowers

A

monocot- multiples of 3

dicot- 4 or 5

59
Q

Function of seeds

A

to reproduce the parenting plant

60
Q

Function of Roots

A

conducting water and minerals upwards throughout the plant- absorb nutrients

61
Q

Function of stems

A

Support and elevate the rest of the plant and transport nutrients

62
Q

Function of leaves

A

photosynthesis

retain water

63
Q

Function of flower

A

specialized for sexual reproduction

Biology (4 decks)

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