UNIT 3 - Philosophy, Principles, and Practices of Agricultural Extension Flashcards
It is defined as the body of principles that governs the conduct of human activity
Philosophy
According to them, the basic philosophy of extension is to teach people how to think, not what to think.
Kelsey and Hearne (1967)
It is the pursuit of wisdom, a body of general principles or laws of a field of knowledge.
Philosophy
It is a statement of policy which guides an individual to take decision in a consistent manner.
Principle
Cultural barriers are ethnicity, religion, social status, level of education, membership to organizations, economic situation and others. An extension worker must know and should be able to adjust to the culture of the people.
Principle of cultural difference
The culture of the people changes with extension if they could feel and see the outcomes and impacts of the efforts of the extension workers.
Principle of cultural change
People are likely to support extension programs based on their needs and interest.
Principle of interest and needs
Start where the people are and with what resources they have.
Principles of grassroots approach
The rural people and the extension worker should cooperate with each other for the development of the community.
Principle of cooperation
The rural people and the extension worker should cooperate with each other for the development of the community.
Principle of cooperation
The rural people learn by doing.
Principle of participation
The extension worker should have knowledge and skills in using the appropriate combination of methods for specific situations.
Principle of the use of extension teaching methods
To reach a great number of people in the barangay within a short amount of time, local leaders must be trained and encouraged to help in extension work.
Principle of leadership
Words of praises, recognition, and appreciation encourage voluntary participation and voluntary leaderships in the extension program.
Principle of satisfaction
Specialists in agriculture share their research findings to the farmers through the extension workers.
Principle of trained specialists
Extension should consider all the members of the family in introducing development projects.
Principle of whole family approach
_______ are expressions of the ends toward which our efforts are directed.
Objectives
It is to develop the rural people economically, socially, and culturally by means of education.
Fundamental Objective of Extension
A major objective of extension where it increases production and income.
Material
A major objective of extension where it changes the outlook of people or develop the individuals.
Educational
A major objective of extension where it aims for the development of the community.
Social and cultural
It includes the technology or recommended practices to be introduced.
The Message
The one who is going to accept and use the message of technology.
The Clientele or End-user
The one who exerts all the effort and means to induce desirable changes in the community.
The Change Agent
This person inevitably works with people whose circumstances are different from their own.
Extension agent
Name the 3 factors involved in the change process.
- The Message
- The Clientele or End-user
- The Change Agent
Characteristics of a Good Extension Worker
- Faith in Agriculture
- Integrity
- Responsibility
- Sympathy
- Courage
- Resourcefulness
- Vision
- Management of Work
- Cooperation
- Tolerance
- Friendliness
- Tact
- Power of expression
- Poise
- Practical farm or home knowledge
- Technical Knowledge
- Breadth of contacts
A profession worth of lifetime of service
Faith in Agriculture
Honest in thought, word and action; does what he says and will do and can always be depended upon
Integrity
Stimulated by responsibility and carries it well, even under difficulties; always on time and reliable
Responsibility
interested in problems of others; understands how to help people with difficulties
Sympathy
faces squarely the difficulties of the clients and does all he can to solve them.
Courage
in emergency, reacts quickly and wisely. has more than one way to solve a problem.
Resourcefulness
looking into the future, can transform an idea into reality; is always anxious to try new things and prepared to meet new situations.
Vision
getting things done efficiently; devising ways and means to accomplish desired ends.
Management of work
seeking from and extending to others’ assistance in carrying out plans.
Cooperation
broadmindedness, in listening to others; considering their opinions
Tolerance
guarding one’s actions, avoiding gossips, knowing when to keep still and how to observe social conventions.
Tact
extensive vocabulary; conveys ideas clearly and effectively; pleasing voice, modulated, speaks forcefully
Power of expression
at ease and self-possessed even on trying situations; gives impression of mastery of the situation
Poise
____________ from experience supplemented by technical knowledge obtained through formal education.
Practical farm or home knowledge
Knowledgeable of latest development in the field and is able to apply in practical manner.
Technical knowledge
Participates in social activities; attends lectures and seminars, participates to some civic, social and religious organizations; reads, and has knowledge in a wide range of subjects.
Breadth of contacts
Other qualities of an Extension Worker
- Original Thought
- Initiative
- Leadership
- Organizational Ability
- Problem Solving Ability
- Judgement
- Self Improvement
- Reliability
- Ideal of Service
Knowledge and Competencies for Extension Workers
- Technical Subject Matter
- Extension Service organization and operation
- Human development
- Program Development
- Educational process
- Social systems
- Communication
- Research and evaluation
Linking Roles of Extension Workers
- Info Carrier
- Friendly listener
- Motivator
- Process Facilitator
- Agency linker
- Ability builder of people
- Skills teacher
- Work helper
- Program administrator
- Group worker
- Fence keeper
- Promoter
- Local leader
- Counselor
- Protector
- Institutions builder
It involves five essential and interrelated steps.
Extension educational program
It is the collection of facts and analysis of the situation. These may be obtained by appropriate survey and rapport with the people.
First Step - Situation and problems
Deciding on realistic objectives which may be accomplished by the community.
Second Step - Objectives and Solution
Involves choosing what should be taught and how people should be taught the methods and aids to be used.
Third Step - Teaching Plan of Work
Evaluating the teaching, determining the extent to which the objectives have been reached. To evaluate the results of an educational program effectively.
Fourth Step - Evauation
It is the reconsideration of the entire extension program on the light of the results evaluation.
Fifth Step - Reconsideration
