Unit 3 - Perspectives on First Contact with Europeans Throughout Turtle Island READY Flashcards
A ceremonial event where gifts are given, wealth is redistributed, and status is asserted. ________ serves as a key social institution for marking significant life events (such as births, marriages, and deaths) and reinforcing social hierarchies. It is a form of social exchange that emphasizes generosity and reciprocity.
Potlatch
The Peacemaker and Hiawatha together drafted the ___________________, which became the constitution of the Haudenosaunee, A system of governance and law based on peace, unity, and collective decision-making. emphasizes the importance of consensus and respect for individual autonomy, while maintaining the stability of the collective.
Great Law of Peace
It was a time for spiritual renewal and purification and the fulfillment of spiritual promises made to the Creator for the benefit of a loved one. Important decisions for the whole nation were made at these gatherings by the Head Chiefs and the Minor Band Chiefs.
Many Lodges Gathering (Sundance)
This marks a time of significant technological and cultural development, including the widespread use of kayaks, dog sleds, and snow houses (igloos). The period was critical for the development of Inuit culture, as it laid the foundations for subsistence strategies that enabled people to survive in the harsh Arctic environment.
Thule period
This refers to the Mi’kmaq’s geographic and spiritual connection to the easternmost parts of North America, where the sun rises. It reflects the Mi’kmaq worldview and their relationship with the land.
People of the dawn
Large, communal dwellings built to house multiple families. These structures were central to the social, political, and ceremonial life of these peoples. The longhouse was a symbol of the extended family and collective living.
Longhouses
A ceremonial pipe used in spiritual and diplomatic ceremonies, often associated with peace, unity, and the spiritual connection between the human and spirit worlds. The Sacred Pipe is integral to many important ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance and vision quests.
Sacred Pipe
These were well-suited to the temperate coastal climate, offering shelter from the rain and cold. They also represented the complex social structures and hierarchical societies of the Pacific Northwest Coast Indigenous peoples.
Plank Houses
The ________ adapted to Arctic life and developed tools and techniques that would later influence the Thule people and modern Inuit culture. Their practices were crucial for survival in one of the harshest environments on Earth.
Tunit
This refers to the exchange of disease, ideas, food (potato), tobacco, crops, and population between the new world and the old world, brought both gains and losses.
The Columbian Exchange
The New World’s “Gift” to Europe’s Old World Colonies, are derived from the bark of cinchona trees native to the Andes. First effective treatment of malaria, first discovered in 1841.
Quinine
This person is credited with “discovering” the Americas in 1492, although Indigenous peoples had lived on the continent for thousands of years prior to his arrival. His voyages opened the door to European colonization and the Columbian Exchange.
Christopher Columbus
Mi’kmaq contact (5Ws)
Who: People of the dawn a first nations people
What:Traditional hunter-gatherers with a rich spiritual connection to the land, an organized social structure, and active participation in early trade network
Where:Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick,Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island. It also includes parts of Quebec
and the state of Maine
When:1500’s
Why:Role in the history of Turtle is profound, often seen as the first peoples to encounter Europeans on the eastern shores. The Mi’kmaq’s significant cultural, political, and economic role in North America and their ongoing struggles for land rights, sovereignty, and cultural preservation make them key figures in both historical and contemporary Indigenous issues in Canada and the U.S
Haudenosaunee contact (5Ws)
WHO: - people of the longhouse, commonly referred to as Iroquois or six nations are members of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora.
WHAT: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is one of the most influential and well-organized Indigenous political structures in North America. Their system of government, founded on the Great Law of Peace, emphasized peace, unity, and collective decision-making for the good.
WHERE: Northeastern United States and parts of Canada, including the regions of New York, Ontario, Quebec, and parts of Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Ohio
WHEN: 1300-1600’s ?
WHY:The Haudenosaunee were influential in trade, diplomacy, and military power during the colonial period. Their sovereignty was undermined over time due to European expansion, but they continue to assert their cultural, political, and territorial rights today.
Niitsitapi contact (5Ws)
WHO: (black foot, tigers of the plains)The Siksikawa (Blackfoot), the Kainaiwa (Blood), and the Pikuniwa (Peigan) Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee) ande Gros Ventres.
WHAT: Contact, which refers to the interactions and relationships established between the Niitsitapi and European settlers, as well as other group
WHERE: spans roughly the southern half of alberta and saskatchewan from the rocky mountains to the plains and montana
WHEN: after 1756 (1600-1700)
WHY: driven by various factors including trade, the quest for resources, colonial expansion, and the introduction of new religions and governance systems.
Kwakwa ka’wakw contact (5Ws)
WHO:Tlingit, Tsimshian (including Nisg_a’a and Gitksan), Haida, Nuxalk (Bella Coola), Kwakwa ka’wakw (formerly known as Kwakiutl), Nootka and Salish.
WHAT: Trade relations and impacts of colonization
WHERE: coastal British Columbia, extending north to Alaska and south to California
WHEN:18th century
WHY: These contacts were driven by various factors, including the search for new trade routes, the demand for resources, the expansion of European settlements, and the spread of Christianity
Inuit Contact (5Ws)
WHO: distinct aboriginal people Thule people
WHAT: new trade goods, also devastation such as disease and colonization
WHERE:Alaska, Canada and Greenland
WHEN: 18th and 19th centuries
WHY: interests in trade, resources (like whale oil and furs), exploration, curiosity, trade opportunities, and the influence of European goods and technology, impacts of colonization.
Tobacco (5Ws)
WHO: used in rituals, ceremonies, as a means of hallucinogen and a painkiller (medicine)
WHAT: A plant used for medicinal purposes and later used for smoking, used as currency at times
WHERE:New world and Old world North America and Europe
WHEN: 15th century
WHY: Significant in the global economy, both positive and negative health implications. Initially used by Indigenous peoples as medicine, later consumed by Europeans recreationally causing health implications
Forced and voluntary migrations to the Americas (5Ws)
WHO: Various groups, including Indigenous peoples, European settlers, enslaved Africans, and indentured servants
WHAT: Migration patterns that included both voluntary movement for opportunities and forced relocations due to slavery and displacement
WHERE:The Americas, including regions like North America, South America, and the Caribbean.
WHEN: 16th - 19th centuries
WHY:Economic opportunities, land settlement, escape from persecution, and forced labor demands (especially in the context of the transatlantic slave trade)
Explain the concept:
The three parts of the spark of life in living things?
- Physical
- Emotional
- Spiritual
Explain the concept:
Significance of oolican oil
One of the most valued items, which might be distributed or ceremonially burned at the feast, was oolichan grease indigenous people of the pacific coast value oolican as a food source for its high oil content. Oolican trading routes connected coastal communities with interior communities.
Explain the concept:
Food introduced to other continents after contact
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, to the Old World. known as manioc)—resulted in caloric and nutritional improvement-cassava (also previously existing staples. Other crops such as tomatoes, cacao, and peppers were not by themselves especially rich in calories, but complemented existing foods by increasing vitamin intake and improving taste. Chili peppers gave rise to spicy curries in India, to paprika in Hungary, and to spicy kimchee in Korea. Tomatoes significantly altered the cuisine of Italy and other Medi- cantly altered the cuisine of Italy and other Mediterranean countries.
Explain the concept:
Diseases introduced to Turtle Island (North America) during contact
the major killers include smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, typhus, and malaria
