Definitions Only Flashcards
Provides the tools (ceremony, protocol, sharing circle). Indigenous research methods that use surveys, archives, focus groups, and interviews are distinct not because of their method “but because of the theories which guide them.”
Method
The framework that shapes research questions, analyses, and instruments is influenced by Indigenous epistemologies and worldviews.
Methodology
Research that privileges Indigenous voices, resistance, and political integrity, often using methods like storytelling and interviews.
Qualitative Research
Research that uses statistical data to privilege Indigenous voices and challenge Western value systems.
Quantitative Research
Grounded in Indigenous worldviews, this methodology is action-oriented and gives the community final authority.
insurgent research methodology
This is the system of knowledge production, indicating that in Nêhiyaw tradition, knowledge creation is to be shared with the community.
tribal epistemology
The categories used to explain the world and our nature of being, including connections to land and community.
______________ follows the logic of cultural beings and includes “who we are and whom we claim to be, who claims us and how we are connected to the land”.
Ontology
it encompasses relational accountability, it is a set of ethics or morals in a research paradigm that guides the process.
Axiology
The umbrella term used in Canada refers to individuals considered First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Internationally, it is a term that also refers to individuals who inhabited or existed on their land since time immemorial (i.e., Māori, Native Americans, Sámi, etc.)
Indigenous
The term refers to an Indigenous person distinct from Métis or Inuit. The term originates in the 1970s and refers to those who are legally considered “Indians” in the Constitution Act 1982, s.35. In Manitoba, First Nation peoples include the Néhiyaw, Dakota (Assiniboine), Dakota, Anishinaabe, Anishininew, and Dene (see the Acknowledgement of the First Peoples of this land section of the Katz et al. (2019) report for more information).
First Nations
The term refers to an Indigenous person who self-identifies as __________, is of the historic ________ Nation Ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, and is accepted by the _______ nation.
Metis
The term refers to an Indigenous person whose roots stem from Inuit Nunangat, also known as the Canadian Arctic.
Inuit
The Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 uses the term to describe the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit, whose rights are recognized and affirmed within the document. Although used in a legal context in your work when not referring specifically to s.35 of the constitution or government policy, avoid using this term.
Aboriginal
These offer some of the most productive habitats on earth, with high primary productivity, magnified secondary productivity, and three-dimensional habitat supporting a diverse array of marine organisms.
Pacific Rim __________ support or shelter a wealth of shellfish, fish, marine mammals, seabirds, and seaweeds, resources heavily used historically by coastal peoples.
____________ and other nearshore habitats sheltered similar suites of food resources that required minimal adaptive adjustments for migrating coastal peoples.
Kelp forest
The term refers to an Indigenous person whose roots stem from the United States of America and cannot be used to refer to Indigenous Peoples in what is now known as Canada.
Native American
This refers to the vast region that once connected present-day Siberia (in Asia) to Alaska (in North America) during the last Ice Age (approximately 30,000–12,000 years ago).
Beringia
They were thought to be able to travel in trances and dreams to these other worlds and communicate with souls.
Angakoks, or shaman
Copper pieces are hammered into a shield, often decorated with designs or crests. Their value increased when they were traded between families at potlatch ceremonies.
Coppers
The unwritten constitution of the Confederacy is called the __________________ (the Great Law of Peace).
Kaianeraserakowa
Two long poles with a framework to hold the goods. They are called “tipi” when these were covered by bison skins to make a conical-shaped dwelling.
travois
Used in a variety of regions across North America, particularly in areas with colder climates, such as the Subarctic, Arctic, Great Basin, and Plateau regions. They were common among Indigenous peoples in what is now Alaska, Canada, and parts of the U.S.
Pit houses
A ceremonial event where gifts are given, wealth is redistributed, and status is asserted. _________ serves as a key social institution for marking significant life events (such as births, marriages, and deaths) and reinforcing social hierarchies. It is a form of social exchange that emphasizes generosity and reciprocity.
Potlatch
The Peacemaker and Hiawatha together drafted the ___________________, which became the constitution of the Haudenosaunee, A system of governance and law based on peace, unity, and collective decision-making. emphasizes the importance of consensus and respect for individual autonomy, while maintaining the stability of the collective.
Great Law of Peace
It was a time for spiritual renewal and purification and the fulfillment of spiritual promises made to the Creator for the benefit of a loved one. Important decisions for the whole nation were made at these gatherings by the Head Chiefs and the Minor Band Chiefs.
Many Lodges Gathering (Sundance)
This marks a time of significant technological and cultural development, including the widespread use of kayaks, dog sleds, and snow houses (igloos). The period was critical for the development of Inuit culture, as it laid the foundations for subsistence strategies that enabled people to survive in the harsh Arctic environment.
Thule period
This refers to the Mi’kmaq’s geographic and spiritual connection to the easternmost parts of North America, where the sun rises. It reflects the Mi’kmaq worldview and their relationship with the land.
People of the dawn
Large, communal dwellings built to house multiple families. These structures were central to the social, political, and ceremonial life of these peoples. The longhouse was a symbol of the extended family and collective living.
Longhouses
A ceremonial pipe used in spiritual and diplomatic ceremonies, often associated with peace, unity, and the spiritual connection between the human and spirit worlds. The Sacred Pipe is integral to many important ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance and vision quests.
Sacred Pipe
These were well-suited to the temperate coastal climate, offering shelter from the rain and cold. They also represented the complex social structures and hierarchical societies of the Pacific Northwest Coast Indigenous peoples.
Plank Houses
The ________ adapted to Arctic life and developed tools and techniques that would later influence the Thule people and modern Inuit culture. Their practices were crucial for survival in one of the harshest environments on Earth.
Tunit
This refers to the exchange of disease, ideas, food (potato), tobacco, crops, and population between the new world and the old world, brought both gains and losses.
The Columbian Exchange
The New World’s “Gift” to Europe’s Old World Colonies, are derived from the bark of cinchona trees native to the Andes. First effective treatment of malaria, first discovered in 1841.
Quinine
This person is credited with “discovering” the Americas in 1492, although Indigenous peoples had lived on the continent for thousands of years prior to his arrival. His voyages opened the door to European colonization and the Columbian Exchange.
Christopher Columbus
This became a significant force in the fur trade between the 1780s and 1821, By the 18th century, the fur trade was extended into the prairies. Eventually, _______________ established a fur trade post at Fort Gibraltar at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers in Winnipeg.
North West Company
In 1821, NWC and HBC merged into one entity – called the _______________. The HBC, after 1821, as a monopoly, enjoyed significant profits throughout what is now Canada. By 1870, the HBC’s vast territory in the West was transferred to Canada, and a trickle of settlers coming from Ontario became a flood. As settlement spread north and west, the HBC and rival free traders intensified the trade’s northward push, eventually establishing enduring trading contacts with the Inuit.
Hudson’s Bay Company
19th century - or Siglit, as they referred to themselves, were the most numerous of the aboriginal peoples in the Canadian Arctic at the beginning of the historic era. Population estimates range upward to 4000. they are among the least known of the Canadian Inuit. This is due in part to their aggressiveness, which discouraged the first Europeans in the area from interacting closely with them, and also to massive reductions in population that occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s due to introduced diseases.
Mackenzie Inuit
_______________ or spruce root used for stitching birch bark, was generally gathered in the early spring when the ground was moist and the sap ran. spruce root was essential for canoe construction and repair.
wattap
The central conflicts of the Beaver Wars centered around land coverage and control.
Beaver War thesis
A great war chief of the Fox indians, battle of detroit in May 1712 marks the start of the fox war that plagued New france for the next 25 years.
Pemoussa
This bill allowed individuals who had lost status and their children to regain it.
Bill C-31
When Indigenous people lose their Indian status and are given full citizenship
Enfranchisement
A leading figure of the Six Nations of the Grand River. Throughout the War of 1812, he played an active role as war chief and warrior.
Alongside Six Nations War Chief John Norton, Brant worked to recruit Six Nations warriors to fight alongside Major-General Sir Isaac Brock. Before his 20th birthday, he had led warriors during the Battles of Queenston Heights, Fort George and Beaver Dams. Following the war, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Indian Department and appointed Indian superintendent to the Six Nations.
John Brant
____________, also known as Waa-Pa-Shaw IV, was chief of a Kiowa tribe of the Mdewakanton and was highly respected by the Dakota.
Called to support the British against American aggressions, ____________ led a strong contingent of Dakota warriors to Fort St. Joseph near Sault Ste. Marie.
Alongside other First Nation warriors, ____________ participated in key battles during the War of 1812, including the Battle of Fort Mackinac and Fort Meigs, as well as others throughout the western frontier.
After the Treaty of Ghent, ____________ continued to be an important spokesperson for the Dakota and his people’s rights against growing American expansionism.
Wabasha
This region was the most contested area of the War of 1812.
Niagara Operation
_____________ of the Manitoba Act specifically outlined that 1.4 million acres of land were to be allocated to Métis children and heads of families.
Section 31 of the Manitoba Act
__________ of the Manitoba Act confirmed the title of old settlers, Métis or white, who had possessed land in Manitoba prior to 15 July 1870.
Section 32 of the Manitoba Act
This term describes the gendered status provisions inherent in the Indian Act, noting that even after the 1985 amendments, the trajectory of the status provisions entailed that Indigenous Peoples would in short order “become extinct as a legally defined people”.
“logic of elimination”
A post-Contact Indigenous people with roots in the historic Red River community.
Métis
The three point test for defining who qualifies as Métis.
Powley test
What are the three points of the Powley test?
Self-identification as Métis
An ancestral connection to a historic Métis community
Acceptance by the modern Métis community
A men’s hooded jacket sewn from a Hudson’s Bay Company blanket.
Capote
A white infinity symbol on either a blue (French ancestry) or red (English ancestry) background—also appeared in the 19th century. It remains a Métis symbol today.
Métis flag
Rights that are provided for in the treaties made between the First Nations and the British Crown or the Government of Canada.
Treaty Right
Sacred agreements that created an ongoing relationship with the British Crown, just as the original treaties did.
These were signed because some First Nations bands were not
present at the original treaty negotiations.
Treaty Adhesion
Two-row wampum
Cree law of “maintenance of harmonious relations.”
Kiciwamanawak
Maintaining good relationships as individuals,
in families, in clans, and in our nation and with other Indigenous nations and confederacies was the basis for lasting peace. This was the foundation of a set of ethics, values, and practices known as ____________ or “living the good life.”
____________ is a way of ensuring human beings
live in balance with the natural world, their family, their clan, and their nation and it is carried out through the Seven Grandfather teachings,
embedded in the social and political structures of the Nishnaabeg.
Bimaadiziwin
Gdoo-naaganina
British North American Act
Davin Report
Treaty 1
Pass System
Chief Shingwauk
Recollets
Thomas Moore
Duncan Campbell Scott
“A National Crime”
Sixties Scoop
Tommy Prince
When is Indigenous Veterans Day and when was it first established?
Every year on November 8, Indigenous Veterans Day, we honour and celebrate Indigenous veterans who have served in missions around the world in times of war, conflict, and peace. Indigenous Veterans Day was first established in Manitoba in 1994 and has since spread across the country as a way to recognize the combat and peacekeeping efforts of Indigenous people in Canada.
__________________ from the Six Nations Grand River Reserve, Ontario, was the first Indigenous woman to work as a trained nurse in Canada. __________________ studied at the New Rochelle School of Nursing in New York State and became a registered nurse in 1914. She served as a nurse overseas in the First World War, where she worked for an American hospital based in France, caring for wounded soldiers. Occasionally, she was sent to other medical centres across the country.
Charlotte Edith Monture
After successfully passing a written test at age 20, she was accepted into the military—becoming the first woman to join the military in 1942. ____________ was also the first Indigenous woman to join Canada’s armed forces, and later became a member of the Canadian Women’s Army Corps during the Second World War. The armed forces tried to boost Indigenous recruitment and demonstrate Canada’s military might by posing her in a staged photo that has since been widely circulated.
Mary Greyeyes
Bill C-51
Who were the Forgotten People?
The Métis were the forgotten people.
After 1855 not well known, Metis were scattered following there defeat of the Northwest resistance, lost identity and ceased to be a nation, eventually they would become a forgotten people, a name that still applies today to Canadian Policy Recognition of Metis People.
This granted provincial control to crown land and allowed Provincial laws respecting game to apply to Indians, was one of the few policies implemented that worked for Indigenous peoples. This agreement ensured that “Indians shall have the right … of hunting, trapping and fishing game and fish for food at all seasons of the year on all unoccupied Crown lands and on any other lands to which the said Indians may have a right of access.” This provision allowed those still living off the land to survive (to some degree).
Natural Resources Transfer
One of these veterans (___________ a Mohawk from Ontario) felt strongly enough about the injustices that he sought an audience with the British Privy Council and the King of England regarding the severe problems facing Indigenous people throughout Canada.
The Council encouraged ________________to return to Canada and organize the Indigenous peoples to work together to speak out. Following the Council’s advice, ________________ began the first national Aboriginal organization – The League of Indians of Canada (though some would say that the Iroquois League predates this).
Lt. Frederick O. Loft
