Unit 1 - What is Indigenous Studies? READY

Question 1

Provides the tools (ceremony, protocol, sharing circle). Indigenous research methods that use surveys, archives, focus groups, and interviews are distinct not because of their method “but because of the theories which guide them.”

Answer 1

Method

Question 2

The framework that shapes research questions, analyses, and instruments is influenced by Indigenous epistemologies and worldviews.

Answer 2

Methodology

Question 3

Research that privileges Indigenous voices, resistance, and political integrity, often using methods like storytelling and interviews.

Answer 3

Qualitative Research

Question 4

Research that uses statistical data to privilege Indigenous voices and challenge Western value systems.

Answer 4

Quantitative Research

Question 5

Grounded in Indigenous worldviews, this methodology is action-oriented and gives the community final authority.

Answer 5

Insurgent research methodology

Question 6

This is the system of knowledge production, indicating that in Nêhiyaw tradition, knowledge creation is to be shared with the community.

Answer 6

tribal epistemology

Question 7

The categories used to explain the world and our nature of being, including connections to land and community.
______________ follows the logic of cultural beings and includes “who we are and whom we claim to be, who claims us and how we are connected to the land”.

Answer 7

Ontology

Question 8

This encompasses relational accountability, it is a set of ethics or morals in a research paradigm that guides the process.

Answer 8

Axiology

Question 9

The umbrella term used in Canada refers to individuals considered First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Internationally, it is a term that also refers to individuals who inhabited or existed on their land since time immemorial (i.e., Māori, Native Americans, Sámi, etc.)

Answer 9

Indigenous

Question 10

The term refers to an Indigenous person distinct from Métis or Inuit. The term originates in the 1970s and refers to those who are legally considered “Indians” in the Constitution Act 1982, s.35. In Manitoba, First Nation peoples include the Néhiyaw, Dakota (Assiniboine), Dakota, Anishinaabe, Anishininew, and Dene (see the Acknowledgement of the First Peoples of this land section of the Katz et al. (2019) report for more information).

Answer 10

First Nations

Question 11

The term refers to an Indigenous person who self-identifies as __________, is of the historic ________ Nation Ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, and is accepted by the _______ nation.

Answer 11

Metis

Question 12

The term refers to an Indigenous person whose roots stem from Inuit Nunangat, also known as the Canadian Arctic.

Answer 12

Inuit

Question 13

The Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 uses the term to describe the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit, whose rights are recognized and affirmed within the document. Although used in a legal context in your work when not referring specifically to s.35 of the constitution or government policy, avoid using this term.

Answer 13

Aboriginal

Question 14

The term refers to an Indigenous person whose roots stem from the United States of America and cannot be used to refer to Indigenous Peoples in what is now known as Canada.

Answer 14

Native American

Question 15

Role of Education TRC Murray Sinclair
(5 Ws)

Answer 15

Who: Murray Sinclair, chair of the TRC.
What: Emphasized the transformative role of education in reconciliation.
Where: Canada, in the context of nationwide TRC findings and calls to action.
When: The TRC operated from 2008 to 2015, but the impact on education is ongoing.
Why: Sinclair highlighted the need for education to address and understand the intergenerational impacts of residential schools, with the goal of fostering healing and preventing future injustices​

Question 16

Treaties in Manitoba
(5 Ws)

Answer 16

Who: Various Indigenous nations in Manitoba and the Crown.
What: Treaties were agreements intended to establish peaceful sharing of land and resources; however, there have been misinterpretations and dishonor, leading to disputes.
Where: Manitoba, Canada.
When: Treaties were historically signed throughout the 19th century.
Why: These treaties were meant to formalize land-sharing agreements but have led to disputes due to differing interpretations and non-fulfillment by colonial governments​

Question 17

Manitoba Métis Federation Regions
(5 Ws)

Answer 17

Who: Métis communities in Manitoba, represented by the Manitoba Métis Federation.
What: The Federation is divided into regions, each representing the interests and governance of Métis communities in that area.
Where: Throughout Manitoba, with various regions designated for administrative and governance purposes.
When: The Manitoba Métis Federation was established in 1967, with ongoing governance efforts.
Why: This structure allows Métis communities to have representation and local governance, supporting Métis culture and rights within Manitoba

Question 18

Inuit in Manitoba
(5 Ws)

Answer 18

Who: Inuit individuals residing in Manitoba.
What: Although traditionally from the Arctic, the Inuit population in Manitoba has grown, especially in urban centers like Winnipeg.
Where: Predominantly in urban areas of Manitoba, particularly Winnipeg.
When: The Inuit population in Manitoba has been increasing over recent decades.
Why: The Inuit in Manitoba often relocate for various reasons, including access to education, healthcare, and employment, and they maintain community support structures​

Question 19

Province of Manitoba Aboriginal Population Census 2016
(5 Ws)

Answer 19

Who: Aboriginal populations within Manitoba, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
What: The 2016 census revealed a diverse and growing Aboriginal population across the province.
Where: Distributed across Manitoba, with significant populations in both rural and urban areas.
When: The census data is from 2016, reflecting demographic patterns at that time.
Why: The census data helps illuminate the cultural and demographic diversity within Manitoba, providing insights into the population’s growth and distribution, which has implications for policy and community support​

Question 20

Explain the concept of: Indigenous Studies R’s of Research

Answer 20

These R’s include respect, reciprocity, responsibility, relevance, and relationship. They guide ethical research that honours Indigenous knowledge and ensures research serves the community, respects cultural protocols, and maintains accountability​

Relationship: Building connections with the community.
Respect: Honoring Indigenous knowledge and perspectives.
Relevance: Ensuring research benefits the community.
Reciprocity: Mutual exchange of knowledge and benefits.
Responsibility: Ethical conduct and accountability in research.

Question 21

Explain the concept of: The Role of Indigenous Studies in Destruction, Dismantling, Exposure & Creation

Answer 21

Indigenous Studies critically examines colonial history, dismantling stereotypes and exposing systemic injustices. It also creates space for Indigenous knowledge, empowering communities by reclaiming narratives.

Destruction: Deconstructing colonial misrepresentations and stereotypes.
Dismantling: Challenging and breaking down colonial paradigms and policies.
Exposure: Revealing the inaccuracies and biases in Western academic and cultural narratives.
Creation: Generating new knowledge and perspectives that honour Indigenous ways of knowing and being.

Question 22

True or False: It is also appropriate to call the Métis, “mixed” or “half-breed”.

Answer 22

False. Under no circumstances would you use the term mixed or half-breed to refer to the Métis.

Question 23

True or False: The term “Inuit” can be used to refer to more than one person.

Answer 23

True. The term Inuit, which translates to people, can be used to refer to more than one person. One would not write Inuit Peoples as it translates to People Peoples.

Question 24

True or False: Another word for Inuit is Eskimo.

Answer 24

False. Under no circumstances would you use the derogatory term Eskimo to refer to the Inuit.