Unit 3 Part 2

Question 1

In flight or floght what promotes gluconeogenesis

Answer 1

cortisol

Question 2

describe organization of the mechanisms of stress response

Answer 2

1) prefrontal cortex (PFC),
- amygdala,
- hippocampus (detail side of memory),
- nucleus accumbens (NAc)(functions in between amygdala and - hippocampus) ,
- hypothalamus, and
2) interaction among those areas through a constant feedback through the release of specific neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.

Question 3

When experiencing stressors can it change your brain structure

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What is the gateway that processed sensoey info enetrs through

Answer 4

amygdala

Question 5

Which area is the target for stress hormones

Answer 5

hippocampus

Question 6

T or F: The hippocampus receives monoaminergic axon terminals from different areas of the brain that release noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Does the hippocampus release glutamate and GABA

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

One the PFC has intergrated emotional info, where does it go

Answer 8

NAc (motor limbic interface

Question 9

what is considered the to be the neural substrate for emotion but also for feeding, drinking, reward, punishment and memory.

Answer 9

functional interconnection among the different areas of the limbic system, especially the NAc, lateral hypothalamus, PFC and amygdala

Question 10

T or F: connections between PFC and hippocampus are direct

Answer 10

F they are indirect and reciprocal

Question 11

What does exposure to an acute stressor do

Answer 11

causes a long-term inhibition of LTP in the hippocampus–PFC pathway

Question 12

T or F: stress may initiate activity between PFC and amygdala

Answer 12

T, the PFC–amygdala interactions are well-established and may be mediated through PFC glutamatergic projections or indirectly via VTA dopaminergic and acetylcholinergic neurons

Question 13

Whihc 2 systems need to interact for emotional memory and context processing

Answer 13

Amygdala-hippocampal,
- The reciprocal connections between them have glutamate as their neurotransmitter
- Inactivation of the amygdala blocks stress-induced impairment of hippocampal LTP and spatial memory (if you can stop a from hyperactivating H, new memories can be formed)

Question 14

Can stress changes the interactions that occur between amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What modulates motor activity in response to novelty stress

Answer 15

PFC-Accumbens interaction

Question 16

how does corticosterone (cortisol) enetr the blood

Answer 16

through the blood brain barrier

Question 17

2 types of glucocorticoid receptors

Answer 17

mineralocorticoid (MR)
glucocorticoid (GR)

Question 18

T or F: majority of the MR are occupied under basal (non stressful) condititons

Answer 18

T

Question 19

Which receptors mediate response to acute stress

Answer 19

GRs

Question 20

Main effect of corticosterone in brain

Answer 20

regulation of the activation of the HPA axis through a negative feedback mechanism in which corticosterone binds to GRs located in the pituitary and also in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 21

are MRs and GRs expressed in hippocampus

Answer 21

yes abundantly

Question 22

are MRs and GRs expressed in PFC

Answer 22

high expression of GRs not MRs

Question 23

function of corticosterone

Answer 23

• can modulate the activity of different neurochemical systems in these limbic areas
• potentiates the responses to glutamate through NMDA and AMPA receptors in the ventral tegmental area (hippocampus)
• prolongs NMDA receptor-mediated calcium elevation in the hippocampus
• mediates a slower regulation of synaptic responses to glutamate in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex.

Question 24

Is cortisol and corticosterone imporant in memory formation

Answer 24

yes, if event is stressful memeory formation may lack detail

Question 25

What is the DA (dopamine) pathway sensitive to

Answer 25

stressor, and activity can be enhanced by corticosterone

Question 26

Neurons in hippocampus express receptos for

Answer 26

for insulin, GH, IGF-1, estradiol, ghrelin and leptin

Question 27

What promotes resilience

Answer 27

intermittent exposure to mild stressors promotes the development of resilience (e.g. training for military personnel, fire-fighters and rescue workers)

Question 28

what is environmental enrichment (EE)

Answer 28

• increases the ability to cope with stressful situations and therefore may be used to investigate the neuroadaptations involved in the development of resilience
• In animal models, EE can be created when animals are housed in conditions that potentiate social interactions and sensory and motor stimulation (e.g. many mild stressors)

Question 29

What changes does the brain undergo as a result of living in an EE

Answer 29

molecular and morphological changes that lead to improvements in learning and memory.

Question 30

T or F: The increases of dopamine and corticosterone concentrations produced in the PFC by restraint (a moderate immobilization protocol) are also reduced by EE.

Answer 30

T