Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards
Name the ancestors of chronic stress and disease
- Heraclitus (540–480 BC): the capacity to undergo constant change was intrinsic to all things
- Empedocles (495–435 BC): balance or harmony was a necessary condition for the survival of living organisms
- Hippocrates (460–375 BC): health was harmony and disease disharmony
- Epicurus (341–270 BC): coping with emotional events and the ‘‘impermeability’’ of mind (ataraxia) improved the quality of life
Name the old masters and their years active
Bernard (1813-1878)
Cannon (1878-1945)
Selye (1907-1982)
What did bernard contruibute
- The internal environment corresponds to bodily fluids
- “Constancy and stability of the internal environment is the condition that life should be free and independent”
What did Cannon contribute
- Coined the word homeostasis, It concerns the stable state of the fluid matrix, protected from changes, and bodily systems that are immersed in these fluids
- importance of sympatho-adrenal system
- Maintenance of homeostasis involves servo-mechanisms and set points
- When it fails, pathology appears.
What did Selye contribute
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) or ‘‘biologic stress syndrome’’ with three phases:
1. Alarm reaction: congestion of the adrenals,
shrinkage of the thymus and lymphatic nodes, and stomach ulcers (All in the immune system)
2. Stage of resistance: increased granules secretion (cortisol) in adrenal cortex, hemodilution (dilution of blood, too much Cl), hyperchloremia, anabolism, etc.
3. Exhaustion – organ failure or death - He defined “Stress”: the non-specific result of any demand upon the body, be the effect somatic or cognitive.
at the end of the old masters period what was proposed
- Two systems were proposed:
1) the sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system for rapid adaptation, fight–flight reactions and homeostasis
2) the pituitary–adrenocortical (PA) system - There were no known connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary
- It was believed that emotions affected the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
When was corticotrophin discovered
Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) just was discovered in the early 1980s.
What system were studies in the new psychopathy
pituitary-adrenal (PA) or hypothalamo-PA
what is lazarus
importance of cognitive factors and of coping strategies
What is the task of neuroendrocrinology
fill gap between brain and pituitary
What did weiss discover
(1971/1972): Developed animal models that showed that the ability to predict or control a stressor was linked to disease states and death (e.g. rats that could control shocks had fewer ulcers than those that received shocks with no control) look into the perception of control
What did levine discover
- the pituitary–adrenal system is a part of the arousal system and is an extremely reliable and sensitive measure of arousal as well as stress
- The major causes of arousal are novelty, uncertainty and conflict; the cognitive operation common to all these independent variables is comparison and appraisal.
What are the 2 types of receptors in the brain (corticosteroid0
- the mineralocorticoids receptors (MRs) that bind corticosterone-cortisol with high affinity
- glucocorticoids receptors (GRs) that have less affinity (one tenth of the MRs)
Describe MR/GR balance
- proposed to alter individual-specific susceptibility to stress and to stress-related brain diseases
- CRF secreting neurons and locus coeruleus-sympathetic system are interconnected in the brain for a complete integration of behavioral and peripheral adaptations
What are MRs doing at rest
- At rest, MRs are already occupied when corticosteroid levels are low, and GRs are partially occupied. During increased arousal, emotion and stress, both MRs and GRs are fully saturated
