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KIN 350 > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

General definition of stress

A

Stress is the body’s response to any demands made on it. Any stimulus that causes stress is called a “stressor”.

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2
Q

What is the Yerkes Dotson law

A

arousal is a major aspect of many learning theories and is closely related to other concepts such as anxiety, attention, agitation, stress, and motivation.
- law predicts an inverted U-shaped function between arousal and performance.

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3
Q

Example of yerkes dotson law

A
  • A memory example: Too much (hyperactive affect) or too little (inert affect) arousal will certainly work against the learner.
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4
Q

What is the optimal level of arousal

A
  • Lower arousal levels are better for cognitive tasks (the learners need to concentrate on the material)
  • Higher arousal levels are beneficial for endurance and persistence type tasks (the learners need more motivation).
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5
Q

What is primary and secondary appraisal

A
  • Primary: Evaluation of the event as stressful
  • Secondary - Evaluation of your coping resources:
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6
Q

Name coping resources in terms of secondary support

A
  • Social support
  • Emotional support
  • Informational support
  • Tangible support
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7
Q

What is Richard Lazarus definition of a cause of stress

A
  • Richard Lazarus: Petty annoyances, frustrations, and unpleasant surprises we experience every day may add up to more grief than life’s major stressful events.
  • e.g. getting stuck in traffic, losing a wallet/purse, argument with family member.
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8
Q

What is a daily hassle

A
  • Daily hassles: Cumulative impact of everyday events.
  • According to Lazarus, a person’s response to a given “hassle” depends on a variety of factors including personality, coping style, and the number of hassles that have occurred recently (within that day/week/year).
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9
Q

What are some finds with the emergence of scientific research

A

significant correlation between daily stresses and the occurrence of concurrent and subsequent health problems such as flu, sore throat, headaches, and backaches.

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10
Q

What was Rene Decartes (1637) methodology

A
  • A methodology regarding how to study the natural world.
  • The world can be seen as a series of objects functioning as a complex machine reducible to its elements.
  • Descartes: “With effort, the body can be completely understood”.
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11
Q

What was Descartes (1637) problem and what notion did he put forward

A
  • problem : What makes us different than a machine?
  • initial notion of dualism: a physical body controlled by a non-physical “mind”.
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12
Q

What did Claude Bernard develop (1865)

A
  • Developed the concept that the ability of an organism to maintain a constant fluid environment bathing cells of the body—the “milieu intérieur”—is essential for life independent of the external environment
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13
Q

Describe Cannons impact on stress

A
  • coined the term “homeostasis” to describe the maintenance within acceptable ranges of several physiological variables, such as blood glucose, oxygen tension and core temperature
  • Cannon extended this concept to include psychosocial threats to homeostasis.
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14
Q

Describe some of Cannons contributions

A
  • Described for the first time the acute changes in adrenal gland secretion associated with what he called the “fight or flight” response
  • Proposed that rapid activation of the sympatho-adrenal system preserves the internal environment and this enhances the likelihood of survival
  • In 1939, Cannon formally proposed adrenaline (epinephrine) as the active principle of the adrenal gland and also as the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system.

Hans Selye (1956)

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15
Q

Name Selye definition of stress

A
  • Defined “stress” as the non-specific response of the body to “any demand upon it”
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15
Q

What did Cannon do in 1939

A
  • In 1939, Cannon formally proposed adrenaline (epinephrine) as the active principle of the adrenal gland and also as the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system.
16
Q

Selyes 3 stages of coping with a stressor

A
  • 1) “alarm reaction,” analogous to Cannon’s “fight or flight” response
  • 2) a stage of adaptation associated with resistance to the stressor
  • 3) exhaustion and organismic death.
17
Q

what is General Adaptation Syndrome in animals

A

results in a pathological triad of enlargement of the adrenal glands, atrophy of lymphoid tissue in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes and bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers

  • Selye and his students emphasized activation of the HPA axis in the General Adaptation Syndrome
  • The concept of changes in the homeostatic set point as a natural adaptive mechanism awaited the introduction of the notion of allostasis.
18
Q

What is Allostasis and who discovered it

A
  • Sterling and Eyer introduced the term, “allostasis,” to describe the attainment of stability by natural alterations in acceptable homeostatic ranges
19
Q

What do adapataions to allostatic load do

A
  • adaptations to an “allostatic load” may be effective for a short interval but over time they may have cumulative adverse effects.
20
Q

What is a homeostat

A
  • Central to a systems concept of stress is that the body possesses numerous homeostatic comparators, which have been called “homeostats”
  • Each homeostat compares information supplied by a sensor with a setpoint
  • A sufficiently large sensed discrepancy between the sensed activity and setpoint causes altered activities of effectors which decrease the discrepancy.
21
Q

give an examplw of negative feedback

A

afferent information to the brain about cutaneous and blood temperature, leading to altered activities of cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve fibers in the skin that regulate sweating and vasomotor tone

22
Q

what does effector redundancy do

A

extends range of control for monitored variable

23
Q

Give an example of effector redundancy and why it is beneficial

A
  • An example would be insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone in regulation of blood glucose levels
  • Why is this beneficial?
  • Compensatory activation
  • Having multiple effectors enables compensatory activation of alternative effectors
24
Q

name the activities of the SNS and adrenomedullary hormone system

A
  • that overall sympathetic nervous “activity,” would play key roles in appropriate distribution of blood volume and homeostasis of blood pressure
  • the adrenomedullary hormonal system “activity,” responds to global or metabolic threats
25
Q

Are stressors specific to parts of the body

A

Yes, differents stressors activate different systems of NS

26
Q

What is distress, describe it

A
  • Distress is cognitive recognition of a condition that is aversive to the organism
  • subclass of stress that depends on the character, intensity, and meaning of the stressor as perceived by the organism and on the organism’s perceived ability to cope with it
  • Homeostatic responses do not necessarily cause distress, but distress can be part of a positive feedback loop.
27
Q

What is allostasis

A

refers to the set of apparent steady-states maintained by multiple effectors
- Regulation around an altered apparent steady-state is the essence of allostasis

28
Q

what does homeostat resetting do

A
  • Homeostat resetting redefines the conditions required to maintain homeostasis
  • During stress, short-term changes in homeostatic settings generally enhance the long-term well-being and survival of the organism.
29
Q

What is allostatic load

A
  • “Allostatic load” refers to the effects of prolonged continuous or intermittent activation of effectors involved in allostasis
  • An inefficient “allostatic state,” consumes fuel and contributes to wear-and tear to the system
     e.g. attempting to maintain core temperature while running at a moderate pace, being dehydrated, wearing a sweater, in 40 degree heat.
30
Q

What does an inefficient allostate do

A

An inefficient “allostatic state,” consumes fuel and contributes to wear-and tear to the system
- e.g. attempting to maintain core temperature while running at a moderate pace, being dehydrated, wearing a sweater, in 40 degree heat.

31
Q

T or F Reducing allostatic load may result in beneficial health effects

A

T, Excessive allostatic load exerts deleterious health effects
- e.g. chronic SNS stimulation of the cardiovascular system could promote dysfunction in arterial baroreceptors in turn contributing to heart failure, kidney failure and stroke
- e.g. an inappropriately large adrenomedullary response to a stressor might elevate distress and negatively affect the functioning of a homeostat (Fig 5).

KIN 350 (8 decks)

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