UNIT 3 - ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY ME

Question 1

A dramatic effect on the spelling of English

Answer 1

REPLACEMENT OF ENGLISH WITH FRENCH

Question 2

VARIATION

Answer 2

• Different regions
• Individual scribes

Question 3

MEDIEVAL SCRIPTS

Answer 3

• Gothic
• Anglicana

Question 4

MINIMS

Answer 4

Sequences of unligatured verticals

i, u, m, n written as such

writing o for u

Question 5

IN ME, ASH

Answer 5

DISAPPEARS

Question 6

IN WRITING THERE IS A FRENCH INFLUENCE IN

Answer 6

ou, being a long u in pronunciation

Question 7

Merger is

Answer 7

the collapse of two or more words into one

Question 8

Merger in

Answer 8

unstressed syllables

Question 9

Intrusion is

Answer 9

the addition of a consonant

Question 10

Vocalisation is

Answer 10

a phonological process in which a consonant becomes a semivowel or a vowel

Question 11

LOSS OF A CONSONANT DUE TO

Answer 11

EASE OF ARTICULATION

xsx

Question 12

LOSS OF A CONSONANT- POSITIONS

Answer 12

INITIAL - APHERESIS
MEDIAL - SYNCOPE
FINAL - APOCOPE

Question 13

OE gelimpen →

Answer 13

ME i-limpen

Question 14

OE halgan →

Answer 14

ME halwen

Question 15

Metathesis is

Answer 15

the reversal or reordering of two sounds

Question 16

Simplification of consonant clusters led to

Answer 16

H-DROPPING

h was often omitted in writing and there was a drop of h- in initial position

Question 17

Changes increasing the inventory of sounds →

Answer 17

phonemicisation of fricatives

Question 18

Assimilation is typically motivated by

Answer 18

ease of articulation

Question 19

Assimilation is

Answer 19

an articulatory change in which a sound becomes similar or identical to an adjacent sound in VOICING, MANNER OF ARTICULATION or PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Question 20

Dissimilation is

Answer 20

an articulatory change in which a sound becomes less like an adjacent sound in voicing, manner of articulation or place of articulation

Question 21

Dissimilation is typically motivated by

Answer 21

the need for perceptual clarity

Question 22

Voicing was typical in

Answer 22

southern dialects

Question 23

Voicing is

Answer 23

the addition of vocal cord vibration to a voiceless sound

s → z
f → v

Question 24

OE fyxen →

Answer 24

ME vixen

Question 25

'FRICATIVE VOICING'

Answer 25

f voiced to modern English 'v' sound

Question 26

Lenition is

Answer 26

the weakening or softening of a consonant sound

Question 27

In ME vowel changes, we find changes in

Answer 27

the quality (place of articulation) and quantity (length) of vowels

Question 28

OE hlāf → ME lof

Answer 28

SIMPLIFICATION OF A CONSONANT CLUSTER [hl]

Question 29

OE cræt → ME cart

Answer 29

METATHESIS [r] + vowel → vowel + [r]

Question 30

OE blо̄stma → ME blosme

Answer 30

SIMPLIFICATION OF A CONSONANT CLUSTER [t] with s

Question 31

OE behæs → ME behēst

Answer 31

EXCRESCENT [t] AT THE END OF THE WORD → ADDITION OF A CONSONANT

Question 32

The most important qualitative sound change we find in ME is

Answer 32

VOWEL REDUCTION

Question 33

OE folgian → ME folwen

Answer 33

VOCALIZATION [w] after [l]

Question 34

OE þȳmel → ME thimbel

Answer 34

INSERTION OF [b] BETWEEN [m] AND [l]

Question 35

Palatalisation can be

Answer 35

raising and fronting

Question 36

Velarisation can be

Answer 36

lowering and backing

Question 37

Raising vs.

Answer 37

Lowering

Question 38

Vowel reduction in ME is

Answer 38

the centralization and laxing of the short vowels a, o, u, e end up being a schwa in many syllables other than those with primary stress, IN UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES

Question 39

Reduction of all unstressed vowels to

Answer 39

/ə/ OR /I/

Question 40

The unstressed or weakly stressed syllables are

Answer 40

- verbal prefixes and some nominal prefixes - unstressed grammatical words - all inflectional endings - every syllable other than the first in polysyllabic words

Question 41

Schwa is

Answer 41

the most central vowel, the one which is the least marked or distinguished

Question 42

OE macodon →

Answer 42

ME makede

Question 43

ALL UNSTRESSED VOWELS COULD

Answer 43

BE REDUCED

Question 44

OE mо̄dor →

Answer 44

ME mо̄der

Question 45

OE talu →

Answer 45

ME tāle

Question 46

OE tūnas →

Answer 46

ME tounes

Question 47

OE wicu →

Answer 47

ME wēke

Question 48

OE dogga →

Answer 48

ME dogge

Question 49

OE bānas →

Answer 49

ME bо̄nes

Question 50

OE stelan →

Answer 50

ME stēle

Question 51

OE gladost →

Answer 51

ME gladest

Question 52

OE bīndan →

Answer 52

ME bīnde

Question 53

OE þrotu →

Answer 53

ME thrо̄te

Question 54

OE bītan →

Answer 54

ME bite

Question 55

OE lȳtel →

Answer 55

ME litel

Question 56

OE gо̄d →

Answer 56

ME good

Question 57

OE brū →

Answer 57

ME brow

Question 58

OE ū →

Answer 58

ME ou, ow

Question 59

OE о̄ →

Answer 59

ME o, oo

Question 60

y and i used as

Answer 60

VARIANTS of one another in writing

Question 61

Some OE diphthongs

Answer 61

were lost in Middle English

Question 62

Apart from vowel reduction, there are other changes

Answer 62

- the merger of a, æ and ea as [a] - the surrounding of the high front vowel - the monophthongisation of the diphthong

Question 63

FOUR MAJOR SOURCES OF DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH

Answer 63

1. Borrowing - [ɔi] AND [ʊi] from FRENCH. Chois, noise and joy. 2. Vocalization of [w] to [ʊ] after ME a, o, e, I 3. Vocalisation of [Ʒ] 4. Glide before h

Question 64

OE clawu [klawu] →

Answer 64

ME [klaʊ]

Question 65

OE blāwan [bla:wan] →

Answer 65

ME [blɔʊ]

Question 66

3. Vocalisation of [Ʒ]

Answer 66

[j] to [I] after ME front vowels, which produces [æi] OR [infinito] to [ʊ] after ME back vowels, which produces [aʊ] OR [ɔʊ]

Question 67

A glide, also known as a semivowel or a semiconsonant, is

Answer 67

a speech sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel but functions like a consonant in a syllable

Question 68

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [æi] ai, ay, ei, ey →

Answer 68

ME [ei]

Question 69

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [aʊ] au, aw →

Answer 69

ME [a]

Question 70

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [ɛʊ] eu, ew →

Answer 70

ME [iu], [u]

Question 71

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [iʊ] eu, ew →

Answer 71

ME [iu], [u]

Question 72

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [ɔʊ] ow, ou →

Answer 72

ME [oʊ]

Question 73

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [ɔi] oi, oy →

Answer 73

ME [ɔi]

Question 74

NEW DIPHTHONGS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH OE [ʊi] oi, oy →

Answer 74

ME [ɔi]

Question 75

QUALITATIVE CHANGES

Answer 75

LENGTH OF VOWELS, and sometimes consonants

Question 76

Most common clusters causing lengthening are

Answer 76

-nd, -rd, -ld, -mb

Question 77

LENGTH is associated with

Answer 77

changes in intonation OR accent

Question 78

Open Syllable Lengthening is

Answer 78

THE ONLY SOURCE OF LONG A