Unit 3 - Nutrition Flashcards

Question

What is the Vulva

Answer 1

– the external opening of the reproductive canal

Answer 2

– 6”-8” long muscular membrane connecting the vulva to cervix; tissues are elastic to accommodate penis during breeding and foal, during birth

Answer 3

– about 4 inches, elastic muscle, located behind vagina, Connects Vagina to Uterus

Answer 4

– contains 2 branches that are referred to as “horns”; protects and nourishes the embryo/fetus

Answer 5

–attached to each uterine horn; transports the discharged egg from the ovaries; the mare’s Fallopian tubes

Answer 6

– 2-3 inch bean-shaped organs; contains follicles that hold the mare’s egg cells

Answer 7

Ovary - The ovaries are bean-shaped organs, 2 to 3 inches long that produce eggs.

Answer 8

follicle  When the follicle is about 1 in. in diameter a hormone causes it to rupture and discharge the egg.  This process is known as ovulation.

Answer 9

Oviduct (fallopian tubes) - the largest of the female reproductive organs.

Answer 10

12-15 months.

Answer 11

Hormonal Control  18 - 21 days long  Two physiological parts: estrus and diestrus.

Answer 12

 Frequent urination  “Squatting” posture  Winking of vulva  Raising of tail  Receptive toward stallion  Discharge from vagina

Answer 13

In between period during heat cycles  14 – 16 days  Mare is not receptive to the stallion.  Ovulated follicle develops into a CL – Corpus Luetem forms  The primary function of the CL is the secretion of progesterone, which is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy  Nonpregnant mares must regress their CL in order to initiate another estrous cycle  Pregnant mare doesn’t regress her CL

Answer 14

Mares only have multiple estrus cycles only during certain times of the year. (warmer seasons) - long day breeders*

Answer 15

Time of year the mare does not come into heat Most mares show no behavioral signs of sexual receptivity (estrus) and fail to develop follicles that ovulate.

Answer 16

- Artificial lighting (not necessarily heat) - 16 hours light - 30 – 60 days - Inducing Ovulation - Estrus synchronization

Answer 17

 Tease Stallion  Special considerations  Mare with foal at side  Young maiden mares  Rectal palpation and ultrasonography

Answer 18

 Monitor follicular growth and development  Determine the optimal time for breeding  Identify ovarian and / or uterine abnormalities (ultrasonography)

Answer 19

 Pasture Breeding  Hand Breeding  Artificial Insemination

Answer 20

Three kinds of processed semen are used in horses – fresh, cooled, and frozen.  Fresh semen- Fresh semen is collected, and an extender is usually added. The semen may be stored in a refrigerator at about 55° F and used within 24 hours.  Cooled semen- Cooled semen is slowly cooled from body temperature down to 41° F. Cooled semen is usually viable for 24 to 72 hours, depending on the stallion.  Frozen semen- Following collection, an extender is added to semen that is to be frozen. This semen can be stored indefinitely. Pregnancy rates reduced

Answer 21

 Examine mares with palpation and ultrasonography once daily while in heat  Deposit semen into the uterus a maximum of 48 hours prior to ovulation or a maximum of 12 hours after ovulation  Generally the only way you can breed to upper-level stallions  Allows stallion to breed more mares  lower risk to stallion & mare  Allows for differences in location  higher Expense

Answer 22

 Management  Coordination of shipping  Shipping costs  FedEx or Counter to Counter  Semen quality  Ability to predict ovulation

Answer 23

Ultrasound, 14-18 days  ID twins  ID placental development Ultrasound, 25-40 days Check heartbeat Progesterone Test

Answer 24

 Feeding of the pregnant mares  0-9 Months  9-11 months  Lactation  Routine health care, including; worming, vaccinations, teeth and hooves  Mare Vaccinations (Nathan’s house)  Rhino – 5,7,& 9 months gestation  Eastern, Western, Tetanus, West Nile, Influenza, Rhino, & Deworm – 30 Days prior to foaling  Deworm Mare – Day of foaling  Foaling  Where?  Determine extent of management!

Answer 25

 Abdomen greatly enlarged  Ventral edema  Mammary gland enlargement – 2-4 wk  Gluteal muscles relax – 7-10 d  Teats fill with milk – 4-7 d  Waxing of teat ends – 1-4 d  Vulva soft & relaxed – 1-2 d

Answer 26

 Stage 1  Onset: initial uterine contractions  End: rupture of water bag  Stage 2  Onset: rupture of water bag  End: delivery of fetus  Stage 3 (< 3 hrs)  Onset: delivery of fetus  End: passage of the fetal membranes (After Birth)

Answer 27

If foaling has been normal, the attendant should enter the stall to make certain that ...  The foal is breathing  The membranes have been removed from its mouth and nostrils.  Colostrum (first milk) - antibodies  1-2 pts of high-quality colostrum  Takes ~ 12 hours for all antibodies ingested in colostrum to show up in the blood  IGG Test  Dip Navel  Iodine Solution

Answer 28

 First two weeks- lay the groundwork by ensuring adequate colostrum  Preventative health program in place  Appropriate nutrition  Problems must be addressed rapidly when they arise. No time for a “wait and see” attitude