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Equine Management > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the Equine Ancestors

A

Eohippus
Mesohippus
Merychippus
Equus

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2
Q

What is another name for the Eohippus

A

Dawn Horse

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3
Q

How long ago was the Dawn Horse in existence

A

55 million years ago

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4
Q

What were some traits of the Eohippus (7)

A

Fox like
50 pounds
18” tall
arched back
Cat like agility
4 toes on hind legs and 3 in front
Canines and flat molars

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5
Q

What did the Eohippus eat

A

Leaves and fruit

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6
Q

How long ago was the Mesohippus in existence

A

35 million years ago

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7
Q

What were some traits of the Mesohippus (5)

A

Larger body and legs
24” tall
3 toes
Cheek teeth developed
Solitary social behavior

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8
Q

What did the Mesohippus eat

A

More grasses (less swamps and trees)

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9
Q

How long ago was the Merychippus in existence

A

20 million years ago

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10
Q

What was important about the Merychippus

A

It was the most critical evolutionary step (toes)

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11
Q

What were some traits of the Merychippus (4)

A

Middle toe becomes dominant (springing foot)
Teeth continue to adapt to grass
Herd animal social behavior
Size of small pony

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12
Q

Equus

A

8,000 yrs ago extinct in America
2 mill- present
brought back in 1500’s by Spanish

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13
Q

What were some trends in quine evolution

A

Earth got colder and dryer - Went from swampy, wet, and warm to grass like land.

Size of horse grew

Toes became less prominent and eventually reduced to one

Teeth adapted to grassy lands rather than fruit and berries

Originally solitary animals, became herd animals

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14
Q

500,000 years ago horses were used for…?

A

Hunting

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15
Q

4,000 - 3,000 BC (6,000 years ago) horses were used for…?

A

Meat and milk

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16
Q

3,000 - 2,000 BC horses were used for…?

A

Chariots, war, drafts were made

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17
Q

1,500 BC horses were used for…?

A

Greeks created snaffle bits

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18
Q

1,000 BC horses were used for…?

A

Romans created curb bit and saddles

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19
Q

500 AD horses were used for…?

A

Middle ages used them for war

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20
Q

1450 - 1650 AD horses were used for…?

A

transport/trading

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21
Q

Early 1900’s horses were used for…?

A
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22
Q

How doe we classify a horse or a pony

A

Hight and weight

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23
Q

How do we classify body type

A

Light, draft, warmblood

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24
Q

What is a POA

A

Pony Of America
46” - 56”

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25
Q

Pony Classifications

A
  • Smaller versions of horses
  • No taller than 14.2 hands or 54”
  • Used for riding, driving, and pets
  • Weight ranges from 500 - 900 lbs
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26
Q

Light Horses

A
  • Ranges from 14.2 - 17 hands
  • Weight from 900-1400 lbs.
  • Often referred to as “hotblooded”
  • Typically Fine boned
  • Known for athleticism
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27
Q

Light horse breeds

A

American Saddlebred
Thoroughbred
Arabian
Morgan
Appaloosa
Quarter Horse
American Paint Horse

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28
Q

Draft Horses

A
  • “Work Horses”
  • 17+ hands
  • 1,400 pounds or more
  • bigger bodied
  • Often referred to as cold blooded
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29
Q

Draft Horse breeds

A

Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Belgian

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30
Q

Warmbloods

A
  • 1,200 - 1,500 lbs.
  • 63”-68”
  • Originally a cross between draft and light horse - now own breed
  • Usually fine boned and taller like a draft
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31
Q

Warmblood breeds

A

Dutch Warmblood
Frisian
Hanoverian

32
Q
A
33
Q

Pony Breeds

A

Welsh
Shetland
POA

34
Q

Quarter Horse

A

Developed in the united states
Compact, stocky, well muscled
Highly versatile riding horse
great speed over short distances
2.1 million in the US

35
Q

Welsh Pony

A

Originated in wales
Max Hight of 14.2
Small dished faced head with large eye
Athletic with elegant movement
popular pleasure riding, driving, showing, and jumping.

36
Q

Shetland Pony

A
  • Originating in the Shetland Islands
  • Maximum height of 11.2 hands
  • Dished face with long, thick manes and tails and double coat
  • Used for riding and driving
  • Strongest of all pony breeds
37
Q

The Pony of the Americas
P.O.A.

A
  • The Pony of the Americas (POA) is a popular breed, which began in 1954 in Iowa.
  • The developmental purpose was to provide a pony for young riders who were too big for a small pony but not ready for a full-size horse.
  • The POA has a good appearance, yet it is rugged and used as an athletic pony.
  • It also has patience for showmanship and equitation.
  • The POA has a variety of colorful coat patterns and looks like a small Appaloosas horse.
38
Q

American Paint Horse

A
  • Developed in the United States
  • General purpose riding horse
  • Stock horse conformation
  • Two basic color patterns: tobiano and overo
  • Has special registration qualifications based on color type
39
Q

Arabian

A
  • Developed on the Arabian Peninsula
  • Distinctive head shape and high tail carriage
  • General purpose horse that excels in endurance riding
40
Q

Appaloosa

A
  • Developed by the Nez Perce people of the Northwest
  • Distinctive characteristics: mottled skin, eye encircled by white, hooves are narrowly striped vertically in black and white
  • General purpose riding horse
41
Q

Morgan

A
  • Originated in the US
  • 1789 Stallion, Justin Morgan is considered to be the founding sire to the breed.
  • The average size of a Morgan today is between 14.2-15.2 hands
  • Colors: chestnut, bay, or brown, although many black, palomino, buckskin, and even a few grays appear in the breed
  • Have deep bodies, lovely heads, and straight clean-boned legs
  • The Morgan is used as a saddle horse, as a stock horse, or for driving. Morgan
42
Q

Thoroughbred

A
  • Developed in England
  • High withered, lean body, with long legs
  • Typically bay, brown, black, or gray
  • Bred for agility and speed
  • The Thoroughbred breed is very protective of genetics and traditional breeding.
    – Foals born from either artificial insemination or embryo transfer are not eligible for registration.
43
Q

American Saddlebred

A
  • Popular breed during the Revolutionary War
  • Known for its comfortable ride over long distances and its ability to work in a harness.
  • Acceptable colors for the breed are bay, brown, chestnut, gray, roan, black, and even a golden color.
  • The American Saddlebred is used as a saddle horse and as a show horse.
44
Q

Belgian

A
  • Draft horse that originated in Belgium.
  • Originally developed to be used in farming
  • Known for having overall power and strength
  • Known for having a blonde color, with a light colored main and tail.
  • Very Heavily muscled.
  • Primarily used today as a wagon show horse.
45
Q

Clydesdale

A
  • The Clydesdale originated in Scotland.
  • It is less compact and more rangy than other draft breeds.
  • Has featherings which are the long hair on its legs.
  • Colors are black, brown and chestnut with white markings desired on all four legs
  • The Clydesdale is a now a show horse, yet it was developed for farm work.
46
Q

Percheron

A
  • Exact Origin has been lost over time.
  • Typically black or gray.
    – Although it is common to see a horse that is born black, fade overtime to grey and eventually to white.
  • Has a clean head and neck and expresses extra-heavy muscling in the thighs.
  • Now very popularly used as a show and wagon horse.
47
Q

Shire

A
  • Originated in the “Shires” of England
  • It stands up to 19 hands, and may be bay, brown, black or grey in color and has feathering on the legs.
  • Like other drafts, was once used for war horses and agriculture purposes
  • Now used as a Show horse.
48
Q

Dutch Warmblood

A
  • Developed in the Netherlands
  • Warmblood type – cross of light and draft horse
  • Excel in dressage and jumping
49
Q

Frisian

A
  • Developed in the Netherlands
  • Black horses with long, thick, wavy manes and tails, and feathers on lower legs
  • High-stepping trot
  • Used in harness and dressage
50
Q

Hanoverian

A
  • Developed in Germany
  • Warmblood
  • Popular Olympic mount
  • Used for dressage, jumping, and eventing
51
Q

Equine Physical Exams

A

Behavior
Appearance
Vital Signs
Weight
Height

52
Q

PE - Behavior

A

Most important clue to health/ illness
Off feed, Isolation, Depression

53
Q

PE - Appearance

A

Swelling, Inflammation, Wounds

54
Q

PE - Vital Signs

A

Temperature
Heart Rate
Respiration Rate
Mucous Membranes
Hydration
Gut sounds
- Manure
- Urine
- Nasal discharge
- Cough

55
Q

Henneke Body Condition Score

A

Measures amount of body fat
Scale from 1-9
Ideal BCS for most horses 5-6
Ideal BCS for broodmares 6-7
>7 BCS may be at greater risk of metabolic disorders
Simple repeatable, consistent method
- Fat laid down in predictable patterns
- Organs
- Behind the shoulder
- Ribs
- Tail head
- Back/loin
- Withers
- Neck

56
Q

Temperature

A

99.5 - 101.5

Increases with exercise, excitement, environmental temp, infection, stress
Fever
Upper respiratory infection
Rhino

Fever
- Mild: 101.5 - 102.5
- Mod: 102.5 - 104
- High 104 - 106
- Above 106 - Immediate attention, possible neurological damage.
- Low temp - indicator of shock

57
Q

Treatment of fever

A

> 103 = treat
- Give Antipyretics: Phenylbutazone, Flunixix Meglumine
- Prescription Drugs (Vet)

Recheck temp every 12 hours
Repeat until fever is normal for 3 days without antipyretic
Do not stress
Return to work (3 days after temp is normal and without antipyretic)
Keep a written record.

58
Q

Heart Rate

A
  • Varies with age
    - Normal:24-36 BPM
    - Newborn 80-120 bpm
    - Foals: 60-80
    - Yearlings: 40-60

Calm, Relaxed, resting
HR increases with exercise
- Fright
- Excitement
- Environmental temp
- Stress

Taking a horse’s pulse
- Practice
- Fingers against artery - not vein
- Throb is contraction of the heart
Locations
- Facial
- Ocular
- Digital

59
Q

Respiration Rate

A

Normal: 8-16 Breather per minute
- Nostrils flare
- Flanks rise and fall
- Listen - wheezing, rattling

60
Q

Respiration Issue -
Heaves

A
  • Similar occupational induced Asma in people
    • Airway constriction
    • Cause – dust, mold, possible genetic, not contagious
  • Exhale – noticed most
    • Cough
    • Heave Line
    • Thickening of ridge of abdominal muscles
  • Mild – managed
  • Chronic, severe – weight loss
61
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Skin Tent
  • Slow
  • Loss of moisture on mucous membranes
  • Dull, sunken eyes
62
Q

Mucous Membrane Color

A
  • Color – healthy, pink
    • gums, nostrils, conjunctiva (around eyes)
  • Red – illness
  • Pale – anemia (low red blood cell count)
  • Bluish – lack of circulation, shock
    • Shock (insufficient blood flow throughout the body).
  • Yellow – jaundice (liver dysfunction)
63
Q

CRT

A

Capillary refill time
* Press and release gum tissue
* Return in 2 sec.
* Delayed – dehydration, circulatory problems

64
Q

Urine

A

Pale in yellow color - Normal
Dark yellow - Restricted water or excessive sweating
Orange/red - Urine is oxidized which turns it red, mistaken for blood
Cloudy/Milky - Urine absorbs calcium & excreted in the urine
Foamy - acts as a lubricant to prevent stones
Smelly - excessive protein excreted in urine can increase odor

65
Q

Manure

A
  • Consistency
    • Fecal balls well formed
    • Not too hard or soft
    • Know normal
  • Loose stools –sickness
  • Diarrhea – dehydration
    • Problem for young foals
  • every two hours
    *increases with excitement
    *Less frequent/absent
    *impaction, Colic, Dehydration
66
Q

Gut Sounds

A
  • Ear on flank
  • Noises are normal
    • Contraction and relaxation of GI tract
  • Absence – not good
67
Q

9 categories of Horse Behavior

A

Contactual
Ingestive
Eliminative
Epimeletic
Sexual
Investigative
Agonistic
Dominance/Submission
Allelomimetic

68
Q

Contactual

A

(Horses instinct to herd)
Behavior related to Seeking affection and or protection
Not as Highly developed in horses as other species

69
Q

Ingestive

A

(Grazing, small amount of food over several intervals)
Taking of food or water into the digestive tract
Subject to overeating-founder-inflammation of the sensitive lamina
abnormal behavior - Chewing wood, trees, tails (Choke)
60% of day grazing - grain in small meals

avoid -
- cribbing, weaving, pacing

70
Q

Eliminative

A

Behavioral activities associated with defecation and urination
- Interrupt most any behaviors to urinate or defecate
- Will establish an elimination area in the pasture
- Pasture Management
- Rotation, Dragging, Mowing
- Trailering, Stress
- Coprophagy - Eating of manure
- New born foals only - adds microbes
-Horse show, Stress

71
Q

Epimeletic

A

The giving of care and attention between horses
- Head to tail - fighting flies
- Scratching each others neck/withers
- Management
- grooming - bond

ET - Epimeletic behavior
- Separation of pair bonded horses
- weaning
- Major issues

72
Q

Sexual

A

All acts associated with the ultimate fertilization process
- Stallion, fertile after12 months - generally wait till 3 years
- Vocalizing, nipping, pushing agented mare, flehmen response.

  • Mare, 12-15 months fertile - wait till 3 years old
  • Vocalizing, urinating, winking w/ vulva, standing for mount
73
Q

Investigative

A

Behavioral activities associated with curiosity or the exploration of surroundings or objects
Sensory inspection of environment
- Sight, touch, smell, sound, and taste
Very excitable during process

74
Q

Agonistic

A

Behavior associated with conflict or fighting, including anger ,aggression, submission, and flight
- biting, pinned ears, kicking, striking, foal opening mouth, moving away

75
Q

Dominance/Submission

A

Behavioral activities often referred to as “pecking order”
Agnostic behavior
- result of a highly developed dominance hierarchies
Established through aggression
Threat of aggression - pin ears, bare teeth, sudden movement, twitch tail
Linear hierarchy for the most part
Assert dominance by moving another horse when they don’t want to be moved

76
Q

Allelomimetic

A

Equine Management (4 decks)

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