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Equine Management > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant Vs Recessive

A

Dominant - the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition. Indicated by uppercase letter

Recessive - an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous. Indicated by lower case letter

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2
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

A Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organisms

A Phenotype is the the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype + environment)

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3
Q

Homozygous VS Heterozygous

A

Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.

Heterozygous – having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

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4
Q

Genetics

A

branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms

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5
Q

What are Chromosomes

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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6
Q

how many Chromosomes do horses have

A

64 Chromosomes and 32 pairs

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7
Q

What is a gene

A

a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

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8
Q

What are Alleles?

A

two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like red versus black coat color).

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9
Q

What is interesting genetically about black and brown horses?

A

Black and brown are genetically the same

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10
Q

What are the horse base colors.

A

Black
Sorrel/chestnut
Bay
Grullo
Buckskin
Palomino

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11
Q

What are the “points” referred to in color

A

Muzzle
Mail/tail
Legs
possibly ears

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12
Q

What is the buckskin color base?

A

Bay horse with dilution gene

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13
Q

What is the palomino color base?

A

Sorrel with dilution gene

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14
Q

What is another name for gene E?

A

Extension gene

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15
Q

What does the extension gene do?

A

Determines the base color (black or red)

Capital E - dominent - created black hair color - body and/or points

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16
Q

What are the Extension gene genotypes

A

Genotypes

EE – Dominant Homozygous = Black

Ee – Heterozygous = Black

ee – Recessive Homozygous = Red

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17
Q

How can we know Genotype?

A

Genetic testing and parents

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18
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A
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19
Q

What is another name for Gene A

A

Agouti gene

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20
Q

Gene A

A

Has No effect on red gene

21
Q

What does the Agouti gene do?

A

Distribution of black pigmented hair

dominant in bay horse recessive in black

eeAa = Red
EeAa = Bay
EEAa = Bay
Eeaa = Black

22
Q

What is the Dilution gene (cream locus)

A

CCr- Single dilution
CC - No dilution
CrCr double dilution

23
Q

What does the Dilution gene (cream locus) look like in a perlino?

What is the base color?

A

Bay base
CrCr

24
Q

What are the 3 dilution genes?

A

Perl, champagne, cream

25
Q

What is the Roan gene (Roan locus)

A

Rn = roan
rnrn = base color

White and based colored hair intermixed, occurs on all base colors and dilutions.

26
Q

What is the roan gene (roan locus) base color?

A

Sorrel with roan

27
Q

What is the Dun locus gene?

A

Dn_ = Dun
dndn = Base color

Lightens body, has dark leg barring and dorsal stripe.

28
Q

What colors include the dun gene

A

Red dun
Bay dun
Grullo

29
Q

What is the grey locus gene?

A

G = Gray
gg = base color

horse born non-gray and greys with age
masks other coat colors
GG and Gg - grey phenotype

Equine melanomas occur most often in grey horses

30
Q

What is the white locus gene

A

WW= lethal white
Ww= white
ww base color

No color in hair or skin
Masks other patterns
w1-w27

W/W Homozygous Dominants - not Born
W/w - Heterozygous - white horses

31
Q

Paint color patterns

A

Overo
Tobiano

32
Q

What classifies a Tobiano?

A

Dumped paint on top of horse
Feet ant portions of legs usually white

33
Q
A

T/T Homozygous dominant
- Tobiano pattern always
- Will always pass tobiano pheontype to foals
- Highly desirable for breeding

34
Q

Framed Overo

A

White does not cross the top line
White patches centered in the body and neck

35
Q
A

O/O - Homozygous - White, lives no more than a week - Lethal white Overo condition
NEVER BREED A FRAMES OVERO TO ANOTHER FRAMED OVERO

n/O - Heterozygus - Frame overo markings, coat pattern should be present in all horses with a single

n/n - Negitive

36
Q

Sabino Overo

A

Sb1/Sb1 - Homozygous - Cal almost be white in appearance

37
Q

Splashed white - Overo

A

Dipped in white - large blaze
occasionally deaf
- Most exessive white on face and 2 blue eyes

4 different gene mutations
SW-1, SW-2

38
Q
A

White behind eye
black eye mask
Colonels smoking gun

39
Q

Tovero

A

Combination of Overo and tobiano
Many combinations

40
Q

Leopard Complex

A

Appaloosa coat pattern varied levels of white spotting over base color
Dominant - Lp
Recessive -Lp

41
Q

Leg and face markings

A
42
Q

Forms of identification

A

Markings
Scars
Microchip
Brands
Tattoos

43
Q

Some genetic disorders

A

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
- (GBED) Quarter Horses
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
- (HYPP) Quarter Horses & cross breeds)
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
- (PSSM1) – Draft, Warm Bloods, Stock Type Horses
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
- (HERDA) - Quarter Horses

44
Q

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
(GBED) Quarter Horses

A

Foals lack the ability to store glycogen
- Cardiac and skeletal muscles and brain cannot function properly

Recessive trait - only expressed if a genotype is homozygous
QH - “stock type” breeds (estimates 10%)
- Descendance of king
Always fatal - no homozygous alive

45
Q

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
(HYPP) Quarter Horses & cross breeds)

A

Genetic Defect
- Disruption of the sodium ion channel in muscle cells
- Results in involuntary muscle contractions (twitching), muscle weakness

Symptoms
- Muscle tremors, shaking, trembling and weakness
- Paralysis, leading to sudden death

Dominant Disorder - only one allele necessary for trait to be expressed
- Homozygous (HH) more affected then heterozygous (Hh), homozygous recessive not effected (hh or n/n)

Halter horse industry (Impressive) - Heavy muscling
Stress and increased potassium (K) in blood can trigger

(AQHA requires descendance of impressive to be tested and HH not eligible fore registration)

Carrier horses - diets in low potassium and drugs

46
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
(PSSM1) – Draft, Warm Bloods, Stock Type Horses

A

Abnormal sugar storage in muscles
- Tying-up (External Rhabdomyolysis (ER))
- muscle damage and inability to move

Dominant disorder
- Homozygous P1/P1 and heterozygous N/P1 affected
- any carriers effected

Management
- Low sugar and starch diets
- Exercise program
- Vitamin E and selenium

PSSM2 - not well researched

47
Q

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
(HERDA) - Quarter Horses

A

QH - Poco Bueno
- Cutting horses
Hrd/Hrd

Lack of adhesion within the layers of skin
- Recessive trait

Prevention

48
Q

Myosin-Heavy Chain Myopathy
(MYHM)

A

Identified - Michigan state university- in 2017
- Reining horses, cow horses, halter horses
- Muscle atrophy and or tying up
- (nonexternal rhabdomyolysis) (ER)

non exercised induced tying up.
Dominant disorder
- Homozygous MY/MY and heterozygous N/MY affected

Triggers
- Streptococcal infection/strangles
- vaccinations
- Immune stimulations
- Muscle Damage

Equine Management (4 decks)

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