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NAT5 Chemistry > UNIT 3 - Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the stability of an atomic nucleus depend on?

A

the proton:neutron ratio

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2
Q

what is the required neutron:proton ratio for smaller elements?

A

1:1

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3
Q

what is the required neutron:proton ratio for larger (and heavier) elements?

A

15:1

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4
Q

what is radioactivity?

A

the result of unstable nuclei rearranging to form stable nuclei with emission of energy

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5
Q

what is radiation connected with?

A

radiation is connected solely with the nucleus

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6
Q

what is radiation independent of?

A

physical state of the element and is not affected when the element forms compounds

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7
Q

what is alpha radiation (α)?

A

slow moving positively charged particles attracted to the negative plate

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8
Q

what is beta radiation (β)?

A

fast moving negatively charged particles attracted to the positive plate

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9
Q

what is gamma radiation (γ)?

A

electromagnetic radiation travelling at the speed of light with no deflection

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10
Q

what is the nature of alpha radiation?

A

helium nucleus

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11
Q

what is the nature of beta radiation?

A

electron

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12
Q

what is the nature of gamma radiation?

A

EMR

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13
Q

what is the nature of radiation?

A

what its similar to

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14
Q

what is the symbol for alpha radiation?

A

⁴₂He

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15
Q

what is the symbol for beta radiation?

A

0
-1e

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16
Q

what is the symbol for gamma radiation?

A

doesnt have one

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17
Q

what is the charge on alpha radiation?

A

2+

18
Q

what is the charge on beta radiation?

A

1-

19
Q

what is the charge on gamma radiation?

A

doesnt have one

20
Q

what is the mass of an alpha radiation particle?

A

4 amu

21
Q

what is the mass of a beta radiation particle?

A

1/2000 amu

22
Q

what is the mass of a gamma radiation particle?

A

none

23
Q

what happens when a radioactive isotope decays by alpha emission?

A

the nucleus loses 2 protons and two neutrons

24
Q

what is transmutation?

A

when the number of protons changes, causing the element to change

25
Q

what happens if a nucleus has too many neutrons?

A

a neutron will be converted into a proton and an electron

26
Q

how is beta radiation emitted?

A

the proton stays inside the nucleus and the electron is ejected from the nucleus as beta radiation

27
Q

what does gamma radiation occur with?

A

other types of radiation

28
Q

what is gamma radiation a mechanism for?

A

releasing energy

29
Q

what does gamma radiation not affect?

A

the atomic or mass number

30
Q

what is the disintegration of a nucleus?

A

an entirely random event and it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay

31
Q

in what situations is radioactive decay predictable?

A

when the atom is unstable

32
Q

what is half-life?

A

the time taken for half of the nuclei of a particular isotope to decay

33
Q

what is half life abbreviated to?

A

t 1/2

34
Q

what is the half life of any isotope independant of?

A

the mass, temperature, pressure, concentration, catalysts, or state of the sample

35
Q

how are radioisotopes used in medicine?

A

they are used for radioactive labelling in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

36
Q

how are radioisotopes used in industry?

A

241Am is used in domestic smoke alarms

37
Q

how are radioisotopes used in scientific research?

A

32P and 14C can be used to determine the uptake of phosphates and carbon dioxide in plants, this technique is called ISOTOPIC LABELLING

38
Q

how is 14C formed?

A

14C is a radioactive isotope formed in the upper atmosphere by the bombardment of nitrogen by neutrons

39
Q

why is there a constant level of 14C in the atmosphere?

A

because the rate of formation is equal to the rate of decay

40
Q

what do all living plants and animals contain?

A

14C

41
Q

what happens when a plant or animal dies?

A

it no longer absorbs 14C so the level of radioactivity will decrease

42
Q

how can the age of a sample be calculated?

A

by using half life and comparing the activity with that of current 14C levels

NAT5 Chemistry (11 decks)

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