Unit 3 - Metals Flashcards
How many metals are found in nature
Majority of them
What can metallic bonding be used to explain?
The conductivity of metals in terms of decolorised electrons
How many of the elements in the periodic table are metal
80
What are some naturally occurring metals
Gold (Au) Silver (Ag) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni)
What are some man made metals
Aluminium (Al) Rubidium (Rb) Sodium (Na) Polonium (Po) Einsteinium (Es)
What do metals have
A 3D metallic lattice
What do lightly packed atoms explain
Some of the properties metals contain
What holds together the metal atoms
Strong metallic bonds. It is the force of attraction between positive ions and negative delocalised electrons
What are the physical properties of metals
Malleable (can be shaped) Ductile (forms thin wires) Strong Dense Shiny Conducts heat Conducts electricity High melting and boiling points Solid at room temp except Mercury Hard
What are the different reactions of metals
Metal and oxygen
Metal and water
Metal and acid
What can we do with the results of the three different types of reactions
We can take the results and list metals in order of reactivity - “Reactivity series”
What is the equation for the reaction of metal and oxygen
Metal + oxygen -> metal oxide
Eg 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO2
What is the ranking order (in order) and observations made for metal and oxygen
Mg(magnesium) - gives off bright white light - 1
Al(aluminium) - gives off yellow sparks - 2
Fe(Iron) - gives off red sparks - 3
Cu(copper) - changes flame color to green - 4
What is the equation for the reaction of metal and water
Metal + water -> metal hydroxide
Eg Mg + 2H2O -> MgOH + H
What is the ranking order (in order) and observations made by metals reacting with water
K(potassium) - epervesence (when heated) - 1
Na(sodium) - turns into a ball (when cold) - 2
Li(lithium) - 3
What is the equation for the reaction of metal and acid
Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen
Eg Mg + 2HCl -> Mg(Cl)2 + H2
What is the ranking order and observations made by the reaction of metals and acid
Mg(magnesium) - heat given off (exothermic reaction) - 1
Zn(zinc) - forms clumps - 2
Iron - no reaction - 3
Copper - no reaction - 3
What is the reactivity series
K Na Li Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn H Cu Ag Au
What metals react with dilute acids
The metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series
Which metals don’t react with dilute acids
The ones below and including hydrogen
What is oxidation
The loss of electrons
What is reduction
The gain of electrons
How can you simplify an equation
By omitting the spectator ions
Which side will the electrons always go to?
The side which has a positive ion
What is REDOX
When we combine both equations to give one overall equation
What must happen before two equations can become one
The number of electrons must be the same in each equation
When does oxidation occur
The same time reduction does
What makes a displacement reaction occur?
A metal and a non metal compound
When will the displacement reaction occur
When the metal on its own is higher in the electrochemical series than the metal compound
What happens if the metal is lower in the ecs compared to the metal in the compound
No reaction occurs
What are displacement reactions types of
Redox reactions
Where do metals naturally occur
In compounds in rocks called ores
What does the reactivity of a metal determine
How strongly the metal is bonded and therefore the type of extraction methods
How can we determine the amount of metal in a compound
Calculating the total mass of the element present in the compound
Calculate total GFM of compound
Divide answer of step 1 by step 2 and multiply by 100
What are the methods of extraction
Electrolysis - used for metals that are very reactive
Heat and CO
Heat and C
Heat - used for fairly unreactive metals
Which elements are extracted by heat alone
Ag
Au
Which elements are extracted by heat and C
Au Ag Hg Cu Pb
Which elements are extracted by heat and CO
Au Ag Hg Cu Pb Sn Fe Zn
Which elements are extracted by electrolysis
Ag Au Hg Cu Pb Sn Fe Zn Al Mg Ca Li Na K
What are carbon and carbon dioxide seen as
Reducing agents
How can a battery be made
Using 2 different metals and a conducting solution
What is electricity
Flow of charges particles in a cell also known as a flow of electrons from one metal to another ie oxidation and reduction
What way do electrons flow
Through the wires and always FROM the metal which is higher in the ecs to the metal lower in the ecs
What happens when the metals are further apart in the ecs
The voltage will be higher
What can a battery be made of?
By using 2 different metals and a conducting solution - an ionic solution.
What is electricity?
It is the flow of charged particles (usually electrons) in a cell.
Where do the electrons always flow from
Through the WIRES in a cell and ALWAYS move from the metal which is higher in the ecs to the metal which is lower in the ecs.m
What happens when the metals are further apart?
The voltage increases
What is a fuel cell?
It is a special type of battery which can be used to hopefully replace the traditional “combustion” engine in a car.
What are polymers?
Polymers are very long structures which can be found in nature.
What are synthetic polymers called?
Plastics or fibres.
What are polymers made from?
Thousands of small molecules called MONOMERS.
How can polymers be made?
By addition polymerisation or condensation polymerisation.
In addition polymerisation what should monomers must have?
A C=C double bond
What happens to the double bond when it reacts
It breaks
How would you determine the monomer used in a polymer
You must find the “repeating unit.”
How would you go from the repeat unit to the monomer?
You would add a double bond and remove the bonds on either side
What are condensation polymers
Long chain molecules made from 1000s of monomers
What is the difference between an addition polymer and a condensation polymer
An addition monomer has a c=c double bond
The addition monomer has only one product - polymer
And it also has a C atom back bone
Usually just a c-c single bond in a condensation polymer.
Polymer and H2O is produced for a condensation polymer.
C, O and N atoms in the back bone.
What is an example of a naturally occurring condensation polymer.
Proteins
What are fertilisers
Substances which provide nutrients for soil.
What do fertilisers provide
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
How can we determine the amount (%) of an element which is present in a compound
Divide mass of element by GFM of compound and multiply by 100
What is ammonia
A colourless gas which has a pungent fishy smell
How is ammonia made
By N2 and H2 in the Haber process
What is ammonia’s additional use
Can be used to produce nitric acid in the Ostwald process.
How can the nucleus of an atom become unstable
If it contains too many neutrons
What does a stable nucleus have
An equal amount of protons and neutrons
What are the types of radiation
Alpha, beta and gamma.
What is the alpha symbol, mass, charge and stopping point
Symbol - 4
He
2
Mass - 4
Charge - 2+
Stopping point - sheet of paper, few cm of air
What is the beta symbol, mass, charge and stopping point
Symbol - 0
e
-1
Mass - 0
Charge - 1-
Stopping point - few cm of aluminium(Al)
What is gammas symbol, mass, charge and stopping point
Symbol - Y
Mass - 0
Charge - 0
Stopping point - few cm of lead
What are radioisotopes
They are radioactive isotopes which are usually artificial, are made in reactors and have specific uses.
What are some uses of radioisotopes
Industrial applications detecting paper thickness
Using heat from nuclear fission to hear water and make electricity
Agriculture - to follow the flow of water to see if it is contaminated
Medical - targeting tumours
What is the half life of a radioactive isotope
The time taken for the mass or activity to fall to half of its original mass/activity.
What is the half life independent of
Mass, pressure, concentration or the chemical state of the isotope
What can analysis be described as
Qualitative - identifying the presence of a chemical eg testing for H2, ph testing
Quantitative - measuring how much of a substance is present. Eg how much energy is produced from a fuel, titrating an acid to determine its concentration.
What is qualitative analysis
Flame testing.
What does the colour of a flame indicate
The type of metal present eg a lilac flame indicates potassium.
What do salts make
An insoluble salt ie a precipitate
Eg barium chloride + sodium sulphate (aq) ->
Sodium chloride (aq) + barium sulphate (s)
What can precipitation be used to determine
The presence of ions. Eg a white solid - indicates a chloride, yellow solid - indicates a bromide
What does titration allow us to determine?
The concentration of a reactant using another reactant of known concentration.
What is a reduction reaction during the extraction of metals
Changing metal ions to metal atoms
How can radioactive elements become stable
By emitting alpha, beta and gamma radiation
What can radioactive isotopes be used for
To date materials
What is the Haber process an example of
A reversible reaction
What is the catalyst used in the production of ammonia
Iron
How to make a precipitate
You need two soluble solutions
