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Chemistry > Unit 3 - Metals > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

How many metals are found in nature

A

Majority of them

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2
Q

What can metallic bonding be used to explain?

A

The conductivity of metals in terms of decolorised electrons

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3
Q

How many of the elements in the periodic table are metal

A

80

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4
Q

What are some naturally occurring metals

A 
Gold (Au) 
Silver (Ag) 
Copper (Cu) 
Iron (Fe) 
Nickel (Ni)
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5
Q

What are some man made metals

A 
Aluminium (Al) 
Rubidium (Rb) 
Sodium (Na) 
Polonium (Po) 
Einsteinium (Es)
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6
Q

What do metals have

A

A 3D metallic lattice

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7
Q

What do lightly packed atoms explain

A

Some of the properties metals contain

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8
Q

What holds together the metal atoms

A

Strong metallic bonds. It is the force of attraction between positive ions and negative delocalised electrons

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9
Q

What are the physical properties of metals

A 
Malleable (can be shaped)
Ductile (forms thin wires) 
Strong 
Dense 
Shiny 
Conducts heat
Conducts electricity 
High melting and boiling points 
Solid at room temp except Mercury 
Hard
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10
Q

What are the different reactions of metals

A

Metal and oxygen
Metal and water
Metal and acid

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11
Q

What can we do with the results of the three different types of reactions

A

We can take the results and list metals in order of reactivity - “Reactivity series”

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12
Q

What is the equation for the reaction of metal and oxygen

A

Metal + oxygen -> metal oxide

Eg 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO2

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13
Q

What is the ranking order (in order) and observations made for metal and oxygen

A

Mg(magnesium) - gives off bright white light - 1
Al(aluminium) - gives off yellow sparks - 2
Fe(Iron) - gives off red sparks - 3
Cu(copper) - changes flame color to green - 4

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14
Q

What is the equation for the reaction of metal and water

A

Metal + water -> metal hydroxide

Eg Mg + 2H2O -> MgOH + H

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15
Q

What is the ranking order (in order) and observations made by metals reacting with water

A

K(potassium) - epervesence (when heated) - 1
Na(sodium) - turns into a ball (when cold) - 2
Li(lithium) - 3

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16
Q

What is the equation for the reaction of metal and acid

A

Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen

Eg Mg + 2HCl -> Mg(Cl)2 + H2

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17
Q

What is the ranking order and observations made by the reaction of metals and acid

A

Mg(magnesium) - heat given off (exothermic reaction) - 1
Zn(zinc) - forms clumps - 2
Iron - no reaction - 3
Copper - no reaction - 3

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18
Q

What is the reactivity series

A 
K
Na 
Li 
Ca 
Mg 
Al 
Zn 
Fe 
Sn 
H
Cu
Ag 
Au
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19
Q

What metals react with dilute acids

A

The metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series

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20
Q

Which metals don’t react with dilute acids

A

The ones below and including hydrogen

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21
Q

What is oxidation

A

The loss of electrons

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22
Q

What is reduction

A

The gain of electrons

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23
Q

How can you simplify an equation

A

By omitting the spectator ions

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24
Q

Which side will the electrons always go to?

A

The side which has a positive ion

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25
Q

What is REDOX

A

When we combine both equations to give one overall equation

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26
Q

What must happen before two equations can become one

A

The number of electrons must be the same in each equation

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27
Q

When does oxidation occur

A

The same time reduction does

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28
Q

What makes a displacement reaction occur?

A

A metal and a non metal compound

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29
Q

When will the displacement reaction occur

A

When the metal on its own is higher in the electrochemical series than the metal compound

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30
Q

What happens if the metal is lower in the ecs compared to the metal in the compound

A

No reaction occurs

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31
Q

What are displacement reactions types of

A

Redox reactions

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32
Q

Where do metals naturally occur

A

In compounds in rocks called ores

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33
Q

What does the reactivity of a metal determine

A

How strongly the metal is bonded and therefore the type of extraction methods

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34
Q

How can we determine the amount of metal in a compound

A

Calculating the total mass of the element present in the compound

Calculate total GFM of compound

Divide answer of step 1 by step 2 and multiply by 100

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35
Q

What are the methods of extraction

A

Electrolysis - used for metals that are very reactive

Heat and CO

Heat and C

Heat - used for fairly unreactive metals

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36
Q

Which elements are extracted by heat alone

A

Ag

Au

37
Q

Which elements are extracted by heat and C

A 
Au 
Ag
Hg
Cu
Pb
38
Q

Which elements are extracted by heat and CO

A 
Au 
Ag 
Hg
Cu 
Pb 
Sn 
Fe
Zn
39
Q

Which elements are extracted by electrolysis

A 
Ag 
Au
Hg 
Cu
Pb
Sn
Fe
Zn
Al
Mg
Ca
Li
Na 
K
40
Q

What are carbon and carbon dioxide seen as

A

Reducing agents

41
Q

How can a battery be made

A

Using 2 different metals and a conducting solution

42
Q

What is electricity

A

Flow of charges particles in a cell also known as a flow of electrons from one metal to another ie oxidation and reduction

43
Q

What way do electrons flow

A

Through the wires and always FROM the metal which is higher in the ecs to the metal lower in the ecs

44
Q

What happens when the metals are further apart in the ecs

A

The voltage will be higher

45
Q

What can a battery be made of?

A

By using 2 different metals and a conducting solution - an ionic solution.

46
Q

What is electricity?

A

It is the flow of charged particles (usually electrons) in a cell.

47
Q

Where do the electrons always flow from

A

Through the WIRES in a cell and ALWAYS move from the metal which is higher in the ecs to the metal which is lower in the ecs.m

48
Q

What happens when the metals are further apart?

A

The voltage increases

49
Q

What is a fuel cell?

A

It is a special type of battery which can be used to hopefully replace the traditional “combustion” engine in a car.

50
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are very long structures which can be found in nature.

51
Q

What are synthetic polymers called?

A

Plastics or fibres.

52
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

Thousands of small molecules called MONOMERS.

53
Q

How can polymers be made?

A

By addition polymerisation or condensation polymerisation.

54
Q

In addition polymerisation what should monomers must have?

A

A C=C double bond

55
Q

What happens to the double bond when it reacts

A

It breaks

56
Q

How would you determine the monomer used in a polymer

A

You must find the “repeating unit.”

57
Q

How would you go from the repeat unit to the monomer?

A

You would add a double bond and remove the bonds on either side

58
Q

What are condensation polymers

A

Long chain molecules made from 1000s of monomers

59
Q

What is the difference between an addition polymer and a condensation polymer

A

An addition monomer has a c=c double bond
The addition monomer has only one product - polymer
And it also has a C atom back bone

Usually just a c-c single bond in a condensation polymer.
Polymer and H2O is produced for a condensation polymer.
C, O and N atoms in the back bone.

60
Q

What is an example of a naturally occurring condensation polymer.

A

Proteins

61
Q

What are fertilisers

A

Substances which provide nutrients for soil.

62
Q

What do fertilisers provide

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

63
Q

How can we determine the amount (%) of an element which is present in a compound

A

Divide mass of element by GFM of compound and multiply by 100

64
Q

What is ammonia

A

A colourless gas which has a pungent fishy smell

65
Q

How is ammonia made

A

By N2 and H2 in the Haber process

66
Q

What is ammonia’s additional use

A

Can be used to produce nitric acid in the Ostwald process.

67
Q

How can the nucleus of an atom become unstable

A

If it contains too many neutrons

68
Q

What does a stable nucleus have

A

An equal amount of protons and neutrons

69
Q

What are the types of radiation

A

Alpha, beta and gamma.

70
Q

What is the alpha symbol, mass, charge and stopping point

A

Symbol - 4
He
2

Mass - 4

Charge - 2+

Stopping point - sheet of paper, few cm of air

71
Q

What is the beta symbol, mass, charge and stopping point

A

Symbol - 0
e
-1

Mass - 0

Charge - 1-

Stopping point - few cm of aluminium(Al)

72
Q

What is gammas symbol, mass, charge and stopping point

A

Symbol - Y

Mass - 0

Charge - 0

Stopping point - few cm of lead

73
Q

What are radioisotopes

A

They are radioactive isotopes which are usually artificial, are made in reactors and have specific uses.

74
Q

What are some uses of radioisotopes

A

Industrial applications detecting paper thickness

Using heat from nuclear fission to hear water and make electricity

Agriculture - to follow the flow of water to see if it is contaminated

Medical - targeting tumours

75
Q

What is the half life of a radioactive isotope

A

The time taken for the mass or activity to fall to half of its original mass/activity.

76
Q

What is the half life independent of

A

Mass, pressure, concentration or the chemical state of the isotope

77
Q

What can analysis be described as

A

Qualitative - identifying the presence of a chemical eg testing for H2, ph testing

Quantitative - measuring how much of a substance is present. Eg how much energy is produced from a fuel, titrating an acid to determine its concentration.

78
Q

What is qualitative analysis

A

Flame testing.

79
Q

What does the colour of a flame indicate

A

The type of metal present eg a lilac flame indicates potassium.

80
Q

What do salts make

A

An insoluble salt ie a precipitate
Eg barium chloride + sodium sulphate (aq) ->

Sodium chloride (aq) + barium sulphate (s)

81
Q

What can precipitation be used to determine

A

The presence of ions. Eg a white solid - indicates a chloride, yellow solid - indicates a bromide

82
Q

What does titration allow us to determine?

A

The concentration of a reactant using another reactant of known concentration.

83
Q

What is a reduction reaction during the extraction of metals

A

Changing metal ions to metal atoms

84
Q

How can radioactive elements become stable

A

By emitting alpha, beta and gamma radiation

85
Q

What can radioactive isotopes be used for

A

To date materials

86
Q

What is the Haber process an example of

A

A reversible reaction

87
Q

What is the catalyst used in the production of ammonia

A

Iron

88
Q

How to make a precipitate

A

You need two soluble solutions

Chemistry (6 decks)

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