Unit 1 - Atomic Structure Flashcards
What is matter made up of?
Atoms which can combine in different ways eg solid liquid gas
What are the 3 sub atomic particles
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
What does AMU stand for
Atomic Mass Unit
What is found at the centre of the atom
Protons and neutrons which form a nucleus, and has electrons orbiting around it
What are electrons held in
Energy levels
What is meant by the atomic number and the mass number
Atomic number - number of protons an atom has
Mass number - number of protons AND neutrons an atom has
What is a protons mass, charge, and location
Mass - 1
Charge - +
Location - centre of nucleus
What is the neutrons charge, mass and location
Charge - 0
Mass - 1
Location - centre of nucleus
What is an electrons mass, charge, location
Mass - 1/2000
Charge - (-)
Location - orbiting round nucleus
What are isotopes
Isotopes are atoms which have the same atomic number but DIFFERENT mass number
What affects the rate of a reaction
Catalyst
Temperature
Surface area
Concentration
How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction
As they bring reactive molecules close enough to react on the catalyst surface
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a catalyst
Adv
Speeds up reaction
Lowers temperature of reaction
Disadv
Expensive
Potentially harmful
How does temperature affect the rate of reaction
When we heat up a reaction the particles move much faster. This means there is a greater chance of a successful collision taking place
How does surface area affect rate of reaction
The larger the surface area the greater the reaction. Large surface areas mean a greater chance of a successful collision
How does concentration affect rate of reaction
Concentration is a measure of how many solute particles are dissolved in a volume of a solvent. Increasing concentration means less space and so more chance of a successful collision
What is average rate
Average rate = change in measurement / change in time
How are the elements in the periodic table arranged
In order of increasing atomic number
How can we divide the elements up in the periodic table
Metals and non metals
Solids liquids gases
Natural and man made
Groups
What are the different groups in the periodic table
Group 1 - alkali metals
2 - alkaline earth metals
Between 2 and 3 - transition metals
7 - halogens
8 - noble gasesWhat is RAM
Relative Atomic Mass
Average mass of isotopes taking into account their relative proportions
How would you calculate the average mass
Cl - 2 isotopes
35. 37
Cl and Cl. 75% of Cl is 35
17. 17
(3575/100) + (3775/100)
What are the seven diatomic atoms
O2, H2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
What is an ion
When there is an imbalance in the number of protons and electrons.
How are ions formed
By gaining or losing of electrons which achieves a stable electron configuration.
What is nuclide notation
Used to show numbers of sub atomic particles in an atom/ion
What is a lattice
A regular arrangement of ions where each positive ion is surrounded by negative ions
What do ionic compounds have
High melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the strong ionic bonds which breaks the lattice
How else can you break down the lattice
Dissolving it
When do ionic compounds only conduct electricity
When molten or in solution due to the breakdown of the lattice resulting in the ions being free to move
What is a covalent bond
Shared pair of electrons which is attracted to the nuclei of the bonded atoms
What leads to double or triple covalent bonds
Covalent bonds can be more than one bond between atoms
What can covalent substances form
Discrete molecular or giant network structures
What do covalent molecular structures have
Low melting and boiling points as only weak forces of attraction between molecules are being broken
What do giant covalent networks have
High melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the strong covalent network bonds
What types of atoms make covalent bonds occur
Non metals, the electrons are shared between them
What do physical properties indicate
Solubility Conductivity Hardness State at room temp Appearance
When are ionic compounds formed
When metal ‘ions’ and non metal ‘ions’ form ionic bonds
What is an ion bind described as
Electrostatic form of attraction
Metals and non metals ions transfer electrons
What are the common acids
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Nitric acid (HNO3) Citric acid Acetic acid aka vinegar
What do all acids contain
H+ ion
What are bases made from
Alkalis (metal hydroxides)
Metal oxide
Metal carbonate
What are the common bases
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Copper oxide (CuO) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) aka chalk
What is neutralisation
When a solution has an equal amount of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions
What is the equation for acid and metal oxide
Acid + metal oxide = salt + water
What is the equation involving acid and metal hydroxide
Acid + metal hydroxide (alkali) -> water + salt
What is the equation involving acid and metal carbonate
Acid + metal carbonate -> salt + water + carbon dioxide
How do you name a salt
The 1st part of the salts name comes from the base and the second part comes from the name of the salt
What is an acid
A solution with a greater concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
What is an alkali
A solution that has a greater concentration of hydroxide ions
What do soluble metal oxides produce when added to water
Metal hydroxide solutions which increase the hydroxide ion concentration
What increases the hydrogen ion concentration
Soluble non metal oxides
What are spectator ions
In a reaction not all substances will react. The ones that don’t are called SPECTATOR IONS. if the state symbol has changed during the reaction then the ion is NOT a spectator ion. If the state symbol HAS changed then it is a spectator ion
What is titration
It is an analytical technique used to determine the accurate volumes involved in chemical reactions such as neutralisation.
What do all substances contain?
Matter
How do you know if a reaction is endothermic
If the temperature drops during the reaction
