Unit 3 Memory Flashcards
Memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used.
- capacity is limited (average of 7 pieces of info).
Short Term Memory
Memory system in which all info is placed to be kept more or less “permanently”.
- capacity is seemingly unlimited
Long Term Memory
Forming a memory code “memorizing”
Encoding
Holding info
Storage
Pulling from storage
Retrieval
The loss of memory for events that occurred AFTER the injury or illness.
Anterograde Amnesia
The loss of memory for events that occurred PRIOR to the injury or illness.
Retrograde Amnesia
The theoretical process of info “getting into” long term memory.
-does not occur immediately
-takes time to occur
-mostly happens during SLEEP
Consolidation
Brain structure most important in long term memory
(Dementia is cause by dead and dying neurons in this part of the brain).
Hippocampus
Suggests that we use different levels of processing:
- Shallow … Ineffective encoding
- Intermediate
-Deep … Effective encoding
Levels of Processing Theory
Two codes (Visual & Sematic codes) increase the probability of recall.
Dual-Coding Theory
Documents the duration limit of short-term memory.
-Info fades from STM in 12 secs or less (w/o rehearsal).
Peterson & Peterson Study
3rd memory storage
-stage that catches near exact copies of brief events. (allows you to recall what JUST happened).
Sensory Memory
Automatic encoding, due to unexpected, highly emotional event.
-EX: Car crash or the birth of a baby
Flashbulb Memory
Info at the beginning & end of the body of information tend to be remembered more accurately than info in the middle.
-Grocery list
Serial-Position Effect
The early items tend to consolidate into LTM
Primary Effect
The reason you remembered the last few items on the list is that those were most recent.
Recency Effect
Cues in the environment that simulates memory retrieval.
Context Effect
Elizabeth Loftus suggest that memories are reconstructed.
Reconstructive Memories
Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
Source Monitoring Error
The course of forgetting for Ebbinghaus was initially rapid, and then leveled off with time. Can be used as evidence in favor of the decay theory of forgetting LTM.
Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve
Refers to the proportion of material retained (Remembered).
Retention
A measure of retention that requires a subject to reproduce info on their own without any cues.
Recall
A measure of retention that requires a subject to select previously learned info from an array of options.
Recognition
A measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.
Relearning
Info is not encoded; therefore, you cannot “forget’ info that was never encoded. (Pseudoforgetting).
Encoding Failure
Asserts that forgetting is the function of time. This theory can be applied to all three memory stores: Sensory, Short-Term, and Long-Term.
Decay Theory
Suggest that forgetting is due to retrieval failure.
Interference Theory
Tendency for info learned in the past to interfere the retrieval of new info.
Proactive Interference
Not recalling info that may be scary or embarrassing.
Motivated Forgetting
Tendency for recently learned info to interfere with retrieval of things learned in the past.
Retroactive Interference
Freud’s term for keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
Repression
Strategies for enhancing memory.
Mnemonic Devices
Continued rehearsal after the apparent point of mastery.
Overlearning
A long session of studying or learning.
Massed Practice
Short sessions of studying mixed with intervals of rest. Distributed is superior to Massed Practice.
Distributed Practice
