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Biology > Unit 3 Mass transport in Animals > Flashcards

Unit 3 Mass transport in Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe what is meant by haemoglobin.

A
  • Haemoglobins are groups of proteins found in different organisms
  • Haemoglobin is a globular protein with a quaternary structure
  • 4 haem groups with o2 bind to so can be transported around the body
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2
Q

Name 2 factors affecting oxygen-hemoglobin binding.

A

Partial pressure/concentration of oxygen/co2

Saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

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3
Q

Define partial pressure and affinity

A

Partial pressure - a measure of the concentration of oxygen/carbon dioxide concentration in a cell
Affinity - Strength between 2 molecules

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4
Q

Describe the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobin saturation on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.

A

(HIGHER ON GRAPH)
More saturation = Loaded with oxygen
- Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin regions with a high partial pressure of oxygen e.g alveoli
(LOWER ON GRAPH))
Less saturation = Unloaded oxygen
- Oxyhaemoglobin unloads oxygen in regions with a low partial pressure of oxygen e.g respiring tissues

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5
Q

Describe cooperative binding and the shape on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.
(Same shape AS PREVIOUS)

A
  • Cooperative nature due to
  • Haemoglobin changing quaternary shape when first oxygen binds
  • Shape change makes it easier for further oxygens to bind as another haem group available
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6
Q

Describe the Bohr effect and the effect on oxyhaemoglobin disassocation curves

A
  • The Bohr effect is when a high carbon dioxide concentration causes oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to right
  • Causes haemoglobins affinity for oxygen to decrease by decreasing blood pH
  • So haemoglobins shape changes slighly
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7
Q

Explain why oxygen binds to haemoglobin in lungs

A
  • Partial pressure of oxygen is high

- Partial pressure of CO2 is low in lungs so affinity increases

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8
Q

Describe how hemoglobin is different in different organisms.

AND EXAMPLE

A

(SHIFTS TO LEFT ON GRAPH)
- Organisms living in low concentrations of oxygen have haemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen
(SHIFTS TO RIGHT ON GRAPH)
- Organisms that are very active have higher metabolism so more oxygen demand for respirtation and haemoglin with lower affinity for oxygen so more unloading

  • Fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen at same partial pressures so fetus haemoglobin can load oxygen off from mother haemoglobin
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9
Q

Describe the general pattern of blood circulation in a mammal.

A

Double circulatory system - Blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit
LUNGS
↑ ↓
↑ ↓
HEART
↑ ↓
↑ ↓
BODY
- In 1 circuit heart delivers blood to lungs
and in other circuit blood delivered to rest of body

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10
Q

Describe the blood vessels leaving the heart, kidney and lungs

A 
LUNGS
- Pulmonary artery      - Pulmonary vein
                     HEART
- Vena cava                 - Aorta
                    KIDNEYS
- Renal vein                 - Renal artery

DEOXYGENTED BLOOD OXYGENATED BLOOD

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11
Q

Name all the parts of the heart including chambers, vessels and valves.

A
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12
Q

Relate the structure of the ATRIUM to their function.

A

2 ATRIUM

- Thin and elastic muscular walls so can stretch when filled with blood

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13
Q

Relate the structure of the VENTRICLES to their function.

A

2 VENTRICLES
RIGHT VENTRICLE = pumps blood to lungs
- Thick muscular walls but less thick than left ventricle so less pressure
- To prevent damage to capillaries in lungs
LEFT VENTRICLE = pumps blood to ROB
- Thicker muscular wall than right ventricle as higher pressure required so bigger contractions
- To ensure blood reaches all cells/respiring cells in body

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14
Q

Describe the veins and arteries which carry blood away and to the heart.

A

Vena cava = carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Pulmonary artery = carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lung

Pulmonary vein= carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Aorta= carries oxygenated blood from heart to ROB

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15
Q

Describe the function of valves

A
  • To prevent back flow of blood

- By only opening when pressure is higher behind the valve

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16
Q

Describe the blood vessels Arteries - veins

CORONARY ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD TO HEART.

A

ALL ARTERIES CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD not pulm.

  • Arteries carry blood away from heart into arterioles
  • Arterioles smaller than arteries & connect to capillaries
  • Capillaries connect arterioles to veins
  • Veins carry blood into heart
17
Q

Describe how an artery is adapted to its function

A

Artery

  • Thicker walls than veins to prevent vessels bursting due to high blood pressure
  • Inner endothelium folded to allow stretching
  • Smaller lumen than veins
18
Q

Describe how an arteriole is adapted to its function

A

Arteriole

  • Thinner wall thickness as lower pressure than artery
19
Q

Describe how a vein is adapted to its function

A

Vein

  • Relatively thin walls so can be flattened helping flow back to heart
  • Contains valves to prevent backflow
20
Q

Describe how a capillary is adapted to its function

A

Capillary

  • Walls are one cell thick to provide short diffusion pathway
  • Narrow diamater to slow blood flow
21
Q

Describe the what happpens in the cardiac diastole

A
  • Atria & ventricular musles relaxed
  • Blood enters atria via pulmonary vein/vena cava which causes increase in pressure in atria
  • Which pushes blood into ventricles & AV valves to open
22
Q

Describe the what happpens in atrial systole.

A
  • Atria muscular walls contract to increase pressure more pushing remaining blood to ventricles
  • Ventricular muscle walls are relaxed
23
Q

Describe the what happpens in Ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricle muscle walls contract increasing pressure even more than atria
  • Which closes AV valves to prevent backflow & opening semi-lunar valves
  • Blood pushed out of ventricle into arteries(aorta/pulmonary artery) at higher blood pressure
24
Q

Give the cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume

min-1 dm3

25
Q

Describe what is meant by tissue fluid

A
  • Fluid containing glucose, amino acids, oxygen, water poteins which bathe tissues
26
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is formed

A

(ULTRAFILTRATION)
- Capillaries smaller diamater than arterioles results in high hydrostatic pressure compared to tissue fluid so
=Water, Glucose, Amino acids pushed out
are forced out
- Red blood cells, platelets and large proteins remain in capillary as too big

27
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is reabsorbed

A
  • Capillaries smaller diamater than arterioles results in high hydrostatic pressure compared to tissue fluid so water forced out
  • Large Proteins remain in capillary as too big which reduces water potential of blood
  • Towards venule end of capillaries hydrostatic pressure lower than in tissue fluid due to loss of liquid
  • Water therefore re- enters capillaries by osmosis
  • Excess tissue fluid absorbed by lymphatic system

Biology (30 decks)

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