Unit 3: Macromolecules

Question 1

Monomers versus polymers

Answer 1

Mono = 1
Poly = Many
Monomer = 1 Molecule
Polymer= Many of the same molecules bonded together

Question 2

What is metabolism?

Answer 2

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Many are associated with building and breaking different polymers

Question 3

What is dehydration synthesis/condensation?

Answer 3

A chemical reaction that links monomers into polymers
Water is removed

Question 4

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 4

A chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers
Water is added

Question 5

What are the four major types of organic macromolecules?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats/oils)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids (DNA)

Question 6

What are the polymers for these monomers?
Monosaccharide –>
Amino acids –>
Nucleotides –>

Answer 6

Monosaccharide –> Di/Poly-saccharides
Amino acids –> Proteins
Nucleotides –> Nucleic Acids

Question 7

Do lipids have monomers/polymers?

Answer 7

No! But they are produced using dehydration synthesis

Question 8

Name examples for monosaccharides and disaccharides:

Answer 8

Monomer: Monosaccharide: single sugar (like glucose)
Polymer: Disaccharide: two sugars (galactose, which is made up of lactose and glucose)

Question 9

How complex are polysaccharides? What are some examples?

Answer 9

These have over 100 monosaccharides bound together.
Cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen

Question 10

What is considered an energy storing molecule in animals?

Answer 10

Glycogen. When it breaks down into individual glucose molecules, it releases energy

Question 11

What are traits of lipids?

Answer 11

They are hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water)
Have nonpolar bonds
Are used for energy storage and cell membranes

Question 12

Common lipids:

Answer 12

Phospholipids, waxes, steroids, triglycerides, fats, oils

Question 13

Saturated versus unsaturated?

Answer 13

Saturated has no double bonds
Unsaturated has double bonds

Question 14

What do proteins do?

Answer 14

The “work” of the body
DNA polymerase
Antibody Immunoglobulin G

Question 15

Proteins are made up of…

Answer 15

Amino acids
Can be thousands of amino acids long
These can by synthesized or acquired from a diet

Question 16

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 16

A covalent bond between amino acids, used to form proteins.
A polypeptide is 100+ amino acids bonded together

Question 17

How many types of protein structures/folding are there?

Answer 17

4; Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Question 18

Describe a 1st degree protein structure:

Answer 18

An amino acid sequence/chain
Ex. Phe-Leu-Ser-Cys

Question 19

Describe a 2nd degree protein structure:

Answer 19

Folding within a region of the polypeptide into helices/sheets
Can be many secondary structures within the same polypeptide

alpha-helix
beta-sheet

Question 20

Describe a 3rd degree protein structure:

Answer 20

Interactions between secondary structures create a 3 dimensional structure

Question 21

Describe a 4th degree protein structure:

Answer 21

Interactions between separate polypeptides make one functional protein
Not all proteins have/need this 4th structure. It depends on if more than one protein is needed for functionality

Question 22

How can proteins be denatured (structure is changed enough to destroy its function):

Answer 22

Heat
Extreme pH

This is generally irreversable

Question 23

How do cells know which proteins to make and how to make them?

Answer 23

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 24

Monomer versus polymer:
Nucleic acid and nucleotides

Answer 24

Nucleotides are monomers
Nucleic acids are polymers

Question 25

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 25

A phosphate group
A sugar
A nitrogenous base

Question 26

RNA characteristics:

Answer 26

Single stranded
Nucleotides are attached by covalent bonds
Sugar is ribose

Question 27

DNA characteristics:

Answer 27

Double stranded
[Each strand of] Nucleotides are attached by covalent bonds
The two strands are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds at the nitrogenous bases
Sugar is deoxyribose

Question 28

What does dehydration synthesis do?

Answer 28

Link monomers into polymers

Question 29

What does hydrolysis do?

Answer 29

Break polymers into monomers

Question 30

A triglyceride is a _____, and it is mainly used for ________.

Answer 30

lipid, storing/supplying energy

Question 31

What is an R group?

Answer 31

Any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule; R groups are a component of amino acids