Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAS2 Challenge Exam Prep > Unit 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What elements are most important to life? What elements should we still know?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Sodium and Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has weight and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance with a specific number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest stable unit of matter. It has the same properties as every other atom in a particular element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the charges of a:
Proton
Neutron
Electron

A

+
None
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the mass of:
Proton
Neutron
Electron

A

1 amu
1 amu
0 amu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the atomic number refer to?

A

The number of protons. This is a distinguishing characteristic between elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom (can be positively or negatively charged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s a cation?

A

A positively charged ion. Has more protons than electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s an anion?

A

A negatively charged ion. Has more electrons than protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you write a Hydrogen cation?

A

H^+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms that have been chemically joined (or “bonded”).
These can be the same atoms or different atoms.
H2O
SO4^2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s a compound?

A

Different atoms held together by chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the chemical formula for
Glucose
Nitrogen gas?

A

C6H12O6
N2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does chemical bonding occur?

A

Within a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Electrons are shared between two atoms. The electrons travel around both atoms’ nuclei. Sharing does not have to be equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Electrons are transferred between two atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the outer/last used shell that electrons inhabit called?

A

Valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atoms are ______ with a full valence shell

A

Stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ are stable when paired off (in twos)

A

Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____ are shared or transferred to fill or empty valence shells.

A

Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is equal sharing in a covalent bond called?

A

Nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons spend equal amounts of time at each nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is unequal sharing in a covalent bond called?

A

Polar covalent bond
Electrons spend more time at one nucleus than the other(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What symbol represents a covalent bond? How many can there be?

A

Lines between letters represent covalent bonds. Carbon for example is able to form single, double, and triple bonds (C-C, C=C, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What element is assumed in a molecular drawing where lines meet?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many bonds can carbon form?

A

4.
Carbon is element #6. It has two electrons in its first shell, and four in its second. This leaves four spots available in its valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many electrons can be in each shell, starting from the innermost?

A

2
8
32
https://www.lwtech.edu/campus-life/learning-lab/resources/docs/lwtech-learning-lab-science-atom-structure.pdf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which are stronger, ionic or covalent bonds?

A

Ionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which chemical interactions occur within a molecule versus between separate molecules?
Hydrophobic interactions
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds

A

Covalent and ionic bonds occur WITHIN a molecule
Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding occurs BETWEEN molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Polar molecules are hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Hydrophilic (“water loving”)
Polar parts face towards a watery environment
In the picture: hydrophilic head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
Nonpolar parts will face away from watery environments
In the picture: hydrophobic tails

32
Q

What bonding is not technically a chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen bonding
There is no adjustment to the valence shells

33
Q

Where does hydrogen bonding take place?

A

Between polar covalent bonds

34
Q

Atoms move faster when hot or cold?

A

Atoms move fastest when heated

35
Q

What property of water keeps its atoms from “jiggling” or vibrating too much?

A

Its hydrogen bonds

36
Q

What is the transition of a liquid water to a gas called?

A

Evaporation

37
Q

Evaporation requires ____ –> has a ____ effect

A

Evaporation requires heat –> has a cooling effect

38
Q

What does polar solvent mean?

A

It will dissolve other molecules with polar or ionic bonds
Hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water- “like dissolves like”

39
Q

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

A

Cohesion: water molecules sticking to each other (think capillary action…Water molecules stay close together and rise up the tube due to this sticky force)
Adhesion: water molecules sticking to other things (think of water droplets sticking to the ends of leaves but not falling off even with gravity)

40
Q

Solvents are ____
Solutes are what’s ____
Solutions are what’s ____

A

Solvents are substances that dissolve other substances
Solutes are what is dissolved
Solutions are what’s created

41
Q

What is the solute, solution, and and solvent in saltwater?

A

Solvent: Water
Solute: Salt
Solution: Salt water

42
Q

What makes a molecule “organic”?

A

It has mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms

43
Q

“Functional groups” are atoms that are ____ together

A

A specific combination of atoms bonded to a molecule that provide some new property; Frequently found together

44
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl

45
Q

-CH3

A

Methyl

46
Q

-COOH

A

Carboxyl

47
Q

-NH3

A

Amino

48
Q

-PO4

A

Phosphate

49
Q

What are reactants versus products in a chemical reaction?

A

Reactants (starting materials) –> products (resulting materials)

50
Q

What does H2O dissociate to?

A

OH- and H+

51
Q

Do acids or bases have a higher pH?

A

Acids are from -1 to 6 (-1 is strongest)
7 is neutral (water!)
Bases are from 8 to 14 (14 is strongest)

52
Q

Do acids have a higher H+ or OH- concentration?

A

Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), greater than pure water.

Bases have low H+ concentrations, less than pure water

53
Q

What would adding HCl do to water?

A

HCL –> H+ and Cl-
HCl increases the concentration of H+
That means the water would become more acidic. The normal pH of 7 would drop lower.

54
Q

What would adding NaOH do to water?

A

NaOH –> Na+ and OH-
NaOH increases the concentration of OH-
This means the water would become more basic. The normal pH of 7 would rise higher.

55
Q

Can strong acids/bases both dissociate and come back together?

A

No.
Strong acids and bases can dissociate, but don’t come back together.
Weak acids/bases are able to both dissociate and easily come back together

56
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A chemical that can add or take away H+ ions.
They help maintain a steady pH.

57
Q

What is maintaining a steady pH important for?

A

Maintaining the shape of molecules
Maintaining bodily functions
Proper chemical reactions

58
Q

What is denaturing?

A

A shape change that causes a loss of function

59
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work (move matter)

60
Q

How do cells get energy to perform their functions?

A

By breaking bonds in molecules.
This releases energy

61
Q

What is energy that is currently being used called?

A

Kinetic energy

62
Q

What is energy that is not being used right now, but is ready to be used when necessary?

A

Potential energy

63
Q

Combining molecules into a bigger molecule is called…

A

Synthesis

64
Q

Breaking a molecule into smaller molecules is called…

A

Decomposition

65
Q

Can molecules be exchanged?

A

Yes! It is represented by a double arrow.
HCl + NaOH <–> NaCl + H2O

66
Q

What does an endergonic reaction look like? Does it have a high or low activation energy?

A

In endergonic reactions, energy is absorbed and results in products that contain more energy than the reactants had
The reaction is not spontaneous, and delta G is greater than 0
Activation energy is larger in endergonic reactions

67
Q

What does an exergonic reaction look like? Does it have a high or low activation energy?

A

In an exergonic reaction, free energy is released. As energy is released instead of consumed, the products have less energy than the reactants.
More energy is released in the form of heat

68
Q

What groups are in ATP, and what are their charges?

A

3 negatively charged phosphate groups.
They repel each other, so when the bonds holding them are broken, energy is released

69
Q

What’s happening here: ATP <–> ADP + P

A

Bonds of ATP are being broken, and energy is being released

70
Q

What’s happening here: ADP + P <–> ATP

A

Bonds are being formed, and energy is being consumed.
A “recharge” of the energy supply

71
Q

What do enzymes do? What are they made of?

A

Molecules that make a chemical reaction go faster thanks to lowering the activation energy; catalyzes a reaction
Enzymes are made of protein, sometimes RNA
Ends in “-ase”

72
Q

What are enzyme reactants called?

A

Substrate

73
Q

What are the steps enzymes take?

A
  1. Substrate enters the active site
  2. The enzyme changes shape slightly as the substrate binds (it has initiated a chemical reaction)
  3. The reactants change into products
  4. The products leave the active site
74
Q

Will a higher substrate concentration raise or lower enzyme activity?

A

Higher substrate concentrations raise enzyme activity.

75
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

A

The protein loses its shape and its subsequent function

76
Q

Because chemical energy is stored, it is a type of ____ energy

A

Potential energy

NAS2 Challenge Exam Prep (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions