Unit 3 List 2 DNA + Heredity IV

Question 1

allele

Answer 1

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 2

centromere

Answer 2

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Question 3

chromatid

Answer 3

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

Question 4

chromosome

Answer 4

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 5

codon

Answer 5

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins.

Question 6

crossing over

Answer 6

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

Question 7

daughter cell

Answer 7

the cells that are formed after cell division.

Question 8

deletion

Answer 8

a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication.

Question 9

diploid

Answer 9

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

Question 11

fertilization

Answer 11

the fusion of gametes to give rise to a zygote and initiate its development into a new individual organism or offspring.

Question 12

frameshift

Answer 12

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.

Question 13

gamete

Answer 13

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

(in technical use) a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize. (in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Question 15

gene mutation

Answer 15

a change in one or more genes; an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

Question 16

genetic code

Answer 16

the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins.

Question 17

genetic variation

Answer 17

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.

Question 18

haploid

Answer 18

Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

Question 19

homologous chromosome

Answer 19

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.

Question 20

independent assortment

Answer 20

describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

Question 21

insertion

Answer 21

a mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping.

Question 22

meiosis

Answer 22

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Question 23

meiosis I

Answer 23

a type of cell division unique to germ cells

Question 24

meiosis II

Answer 24

similar to mitosis.

Question 25

monosomy

Answer 25

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.

Question 26

mutagen

Answer 26

Anything that causes a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell).

Question 27

mutation

Answer 27

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

Question 28

nondisjunction

Answer 28

a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell.

Question 29

offspring

Answer 29

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction.

Question 30

parent cell

Answer 30

A cell that is the source of other cells

Question 31

point mutation

Answer 31

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed.

Question 32

replication

Answer 32

the action of copying or reproducing something.

Question 33

sexual reproduction

Answer 33

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

Question 34

somatic cell

Answer 34

cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 35

substitution

Answer 35

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.

Question 36

trisomy

Answer 36

a chromosomal condition characterised by an additional chromosome.

Question 37

trait

Answer 37

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.