Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy IV Flashcards
(28 cards)
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
Light Reactions
the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP.
Chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
Calvin cycle
the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
NADPH
a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Stomata
any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
Carbon Fixation
the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon to organic compounds.
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
Carotenoids
any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves. They are terpenoids based on a structure having the formula C40H56.
Mitochondrial matrix
In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word “matrix” stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm.
Aerobic Respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
Fermentation
an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.
NADP+
hydride-accepting coenzymes that play essential roles in substrate oxidation reactions in metabolism.
Alcoholic fermentation
a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
NADH
a coenzyme central to metabolism.
Anaerobic respiration
respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate, which contains energy.
Krebs Cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
