Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy IV

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

Question 2

Light Reactions

Answer 2

the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP.

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.

Question 4

Photosynthesis

Answer 4

the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

Question 5

Calvin cycle

Answer 5

the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 7

NADPH

Answer 7

a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.

Question 8

Pigment

Answer 8

the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.

Question 9

Granum

Answer 9

a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Question 10

Stomata

Answer 10

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

Question 11

Carbon Fixation

Answer 11

the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon to organic compounds.

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Question 13

Thylakoids

Answer 13

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves. They are terpenoids based on a structure having the formula C40H56.

Question 15

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 15

In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word “matrix” stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm.

Question 16

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 16

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.

Question 18

NADP+

Answer 18

hydride-accepting coenzymes that play essential roles in substrate oxidation reactions in metabolism.

Question 19

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 19

a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

a coenzyme central to metabolism.

Question 22

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 22

respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.

Question 23

Cellular respiration

Answer 23

Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate, which contains energy.

Question 24

Krebs Cycle

Answer 24

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.

Question 25

Pyruvic acid

Answer 25

a yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.

Question 26

Citric acid

Answer 26

an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CH₂CO₂H)₂. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits.

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.

Question 28

ADP

Answer 28

an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.