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Biology Vocab > Unit 3, List 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3, List 1 Flashcards

1
Q

adenine

A

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

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2
Q

amino acid

A

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.

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3
Q

anitcodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

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4
Q

cell types

A

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

cell differentiation

A

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

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6
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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7
Q

codon

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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9
Q

cytosine

A

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

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10
Q

deoxyribose

A

five-carbon sugar component of DNA

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11
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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12
Q

double helix

A

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

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14
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

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15
Q

gene

A

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

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17
Q

guanine

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA

18
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom

19
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

20
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

21
Q

nitrogenous base

A

nitrogenous bases are found in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine

22
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside

23
Q

nucleic acid

A

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

24
Q

nucleotide

A

A molecule that is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

25
Q

nucleus

A

A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes

26
Q

peptide bond

A

A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

27
Q

phosphate group

A

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

28
Q

polypeptides

A

Proteins are therefore also known as polypeptides.

29
Q

protein synthesis

A

the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid

30
Q

ribose

A

a sugar that is naturally produced by the body from food

31
Q

ribosome

A

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

32
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses.

33
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle

34
Q

start codon

A

The codon AUG is called the START codon as it the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation.

35
Q

stop codon

A

A stop codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell.

36
Q

thymine

A

one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA,

37
Q

transcription

A

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

38
Q

translation

A

Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

39
Q

tRNA

A

a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis

40
Q

uracil

A

a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4

41
Q

vesicle

A

a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body.

Biology Vocab (7 decks)

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