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Biology N5 > Unit 3 Life On Earth End Unit Check Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Life On Earth End Unit Check Test Flashcards

Help study for end of unit check test

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1
Q

Define the terms

biodiversity, ecosystem, community, habitat, population, niche

A

Biodiversity: is the range of species present in an ecosystem

Ecosystem: is all of the organism living in a particular habitat

Community: refers to all the living organisms in a habitat or ecosystem

Habitat: a place where organisms live

Population: is the total number of one type of species in an ecosystem

Niche: is the role that an organism plays within a community

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2
Q

What are the definitions of producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, predator, prey

A

Producer: is a green plant which can make it’s own food from sunlight

Consumer: a animal that gains its energy by consuming other organisms

Herbivore: a animal that only eats plants

Carnivore: a animal that only eats other animals

Omnivore: a animal that eats both plants and animals

Predator: a animals that hunts and kills prey

Prey: a animal that is hunted and killed by another animal

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3
Q

When does competition in an ecosystem occur

A

Competition in an ecosystem occurs when their is a shortage of recources

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4
Q

What are examples of resources that are fought for during competition

A

Plants: light, nutrient, water and space

animals: food, shelter, water and mates

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5
Q

what are the TWO DIFFERENT types of COMPETITION.

A

Interspecific competition occurs amongst individuals of different species for one or a few of resources they require

Intraspecific competition occurs amongs individuals of the same species and is for all the resources they require

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6
Q

which competition is more intense

A

intraspecific is more intense as you will be competing for identical things than compared to interspecific which only some resources may be the same

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7
Q

what is a food chain

A

a food chain is a diagram that shows how energy moves from one organism to another in an ecosystem

energy moves along the food chain when one oprganism eats another

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8
Q

what is the order of a food chain

A

The food chain starts with a producer and is then consumed by the primary consumer (first consumer in the chain).
The second consumer eats the first consumer and is called the secondary consumer

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9
Q

what do the arrows represent in the food chain

A

the arrows in a food chain represent the direction of the energy flow

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10
Q

does the energy flow in seprate indipendent food chains

A

no it doesn’t it goes through many

interlocking and interdependent food cahins this is called a food web

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11
Q

what can you see in the food webs

A

you can see the interactions between different organisms like how mice and grasshoppers primary consumer eat grains a producer which are then eaten by the owls a secondary consumer

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12
Q

what happens to the energy when it is passed from one level to the next

A

energy is lossed when it is passed on from one level to the next

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13
Q

why is the enrgy in the food chain lost for and what is the energy not being lossed used for

A

the enrgy in the food chain being lossed is in movment, heat and undigested material the enrgy not being lossed is used for growth

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14
Q

what happens to a pyramid of numbers is a single producer is present in the pyramid of numbers

A

it becomes a irregular shape where it becomes smaller on the bottom section

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15
Q

what happens, to the pyramid of numbers if parasites are present

A

if poarasites are present then the sections representing the parasites become alot bigger than the middle and bottom sections

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16
Q

what is the energy of pyramids measured in

A

kJ/m2/year

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17
Q

what is a biotic factor

A

a biotic factor is a living factor that can influence the population of organisms like competition for resources, disease, food availability, grazing and predation.

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18
Q

what happens when predation on prey increases

A

if predation on prey increases the opulation of prey will decrease.

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19
Q

what happens when grazing is at a low level.

A

if grazing is at a low level it decreases biodiversity as the dominant plants will outcompete the other species

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20
Q

what happens if grazing is at a high level

A

if grazing is at a low level biodiversity will increase because dominant polants will be kept in check allowing less dominant plants to grow

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21
Q

what happens if grazing is at a very high level

A

if garzing is at a very low level biodiversity will decrease as all plants will be eaten and nothing wll be given a chance to grow.

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22
Q

what is a abiotic factor

A

a abiotic factor is a non-=living factor that can affect the distribution and abundance of plants like light intensity, moisture, pH and temprature

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23
Q

why is light intensity important

A

light intensity is important because it is required for photosynthesis and light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis

high light intensity=higher rate of photosynthesis

low light intensity= lower rate of photosynthesis

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24
Q

what does a plant use moisture for

A

a plant uses moisture for photosynthesis so a high moisture level will increase the rate of photosynthesis
and it helps keep cells in a turgid condition

lack of moisture will result in slow rate of photosynthesis and wilting

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25
Q

what can be a source of error when measuring abiotic factors

A

sources of error include

soil moisture not wiping or cleaning inbetween readings

light intensity shading the sensor when taking a reading

pH not wipiong the probe clean inbetween each reading

Temprature the liquid in the thermometer should be given time to nsettle when taking a reading and the probe should also be wiped clean inbetween each reading

one other source of error for all factors is not repeating the experiment to ensure a reprensentative sample is collected

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26
Q

how do you minimize sources of errors using a quadrat

A

You can minimize sources of errors by throwing the quadrat randomly and count the species accuratley make a rule to decide what do with plant that fall partly in or out of the quadrat and adequate replication to collect a representitive sample and having a good amount of knowledge to help with identification

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27
Q

what are pitfall traps used for

A

pitfall traps are used to measure the population of ground-living invertebrates

28
Q

how do setup a pitfall trap

A

a pitfall trap is setup by getting a pot anfd putting small water draining holes so the invertabrates don die from downing from rain water whch when put inn the ground it’s level with the ground and a raised lid is placed on top to stop predatory birds from eating the invertabartes.

29
Q

what are the six human influences on biodiversity

A

the six human influences on biodiversity are air pollution, water pollution, habitat destruction, deforestation, desertification and biodiversity

30
Q

what are indicator species

A

indicator species are species that by being presence or absent indicate enviromental quality or levels of pollution

31
Q

describe the first process of photosynthesis

A

the first process of photosynthesis light reactions light from the sun is trapped by the chlorophyll by the chloroplsts and is then converted to chemical energy which is used to generate ATP the water is split to create hydrogen and oxygen which diffuses from the cell and the ATP and hydrogen are passed on to stage 2

32
Q

describe the procees of second stage of photosynthesis

A

the second stage of photosynthesis called carbon fixation and is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions which joins the hydrogewn and carbon dioxide together using the ATP to producer sugar (gluclose)

33
Q

name three fates of the gluclose

A

three fates of gluclose are that can be turned into starch for storage or could mde in to cellulose and could be used for respiration

34
Q

what chemical is used to test for starch to check if photosynthesis has occurred

A

iodine

35
Q

state three limiting factors in photosynthesis

A

light intensity, carbon dioxideconcentration and temprature

36
Q

what is a limiting factor

A

a limiting factor is a factor that is required for photosynthesis

37
Q

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the limiting factors are in short supply

A

when these factors are in short supply they will slow down the rate of photosynthesis

38
Q

why does a increase in population require a increase in food yeild

A

a increase in food yeild is required for a increase in population to keep the increase in population alive

39
Q

what are nitrates used for

A

nitrates are used for the production amino acids

40
Q

explain what amino acids are used for

A

amino acids are used for the produce plant proteins

41
Q

why do aniamls consume other animals or plants

A

animals consume other animals or plants to obtain amino acids for protein synthesis

42
Q

what happens when extra fertilisers end up in water

A

when extra fertilisers end up in water it results in a algal bloom algal blooms result in blockling light which kills aquatic plants these dead plants and algae become food for bacteria which then increases greatly in number. the bacteria then use up large amounts of oxygen reducing availibility for other organisms. this results in the death of other species livin in the water reducing biodiversity

43
Q

what can be used to reduce the use of fertilisers

A

geneticall modifide crops can be used to reduce the use of fertiliser

44
Q

what are the negative impacts of spraying the pesticides onto crops

A

one negative impact of spraying pesticides onton crops is that the pesticides don’t break down quickly so the pesticide can slowly build up a in living organisms after many organisms are eaten by one individual this called bioaccumulation

45
Q

describe the term bioaccumulation

A

bioaccumlation is when pesticides slowly build up after being p[ased along the food chain and as the food chains go further the toxcity of the pesticide increases

46
Q

what is the impact of pesticides being passed along the food chains

A

when the pesticide gets passed along the food chain it slowly becomes more potent to the point where it eventually kills one of the organism that eats the other organism

47
Q

what are two other alternatives to the use of pesticides

A

genetically modified crops can be used as a alternative to pesticides because when a pest attaches to a genetically modifide crop it can release a toxic chemical that can kill the pest one other altenative can be to use biological control
which is when you use the natural predator or pathogen to control it’s population

48
Q

give two examples of biological control

A

using the virus myxomatosis to kill rabbits and using lady birds to kill aphids

49
Q

define the term mutation

A

mutation is a random change to genetic material

50
Q

what are muations the only source of

A

mutations are the only source of new alleles

51
Q

what are mutations

A

mutations are spontaneous

52
Q

what does the varation in population make possible

A

the varation in population makes evolution possible

53
Q

mutations may be neutral, confer an advantage or a disadvantage to survival explain how a mutation can confer an advantage to an individual

A

a mutation can confer an advantage because they will help make the organism better adapted to their surroundings

54
Q

what is an adaptation

A

is an inherted charcteristic that makes a organism well suited to survive it’s environment or niche

55
Q

name two factors that increase the rate of mutations

A

two factors that increase the rate of mutations are radiation and some chemicals

56
Q

what is a selection pressure

A

selection pressures are factrors that affect an organisms ability to survive in a certain environment

57
Q

give three examples of selection pressures

A

finding food and predation and disease

58
Q

describe the process of natural selection

A

during the process of natural selection the best adapted individuals in a mpopulation survive and reproduce passing on the more favouable alleles that pass on the selective advantage since these alleles are passed onto the next generation they increase in frequency within the population

59
Q

what is passed on during natural selection

A

favourable alleles

60
Q

what happens to the frequency of the alleles which confer the selective advantage

A

they increase in frequency within the population

61
Q

what is speciation

A

the speciation is the form of newspecies from a common ancestor

62
Q

what is the function of an isolation barrier in speciation

A

a isolation barrier prevents the exchange of genes between individuals of seperate populations

63
Q

when does speciation occur

A

speciation occurs when a part of the population becomes isolated by a isloation barrier

64
Q

what are the different types of isolation barriers

A

geographical which are rivers mountaibns and oceans

ecological which can be pH, salinity or different habitats

behavioural which include mating rituals and signals

65
Q

explain why natural selection selects for different mutations in each group

A

natural selection selects for different mutations because they each face different pressures

66
Q

what step could be taken to see if the two populations have become different species

A

the step that could be taken is to see if they produce fertile young

Biology N5 (7 decks)

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