UNIT 3 LESSON 1-7 Flashcards
1
Q
– refers to decision-making by a range of interested people including those in positions of power and ordinary citizens
A
Governance
2
Q
Even in democratic societies in which gender equality is legally mandated, gender discrimination occurs in politics, both in regards to presumptions about political allegiances that fall along gender lines, and disparate gender representation within representative democracies.
A
Political Gender Inequality
3
Q
Historically, this was even more true when women were neither considered full citizens nor could not vote.
A
Political Gender Inequality
4
Q
The Nineteenth Amendment was passed the year following the Treaty of Paris, which ended World War I.
A
Women’s suffrage - 1920
5
Q
– first female Supreme Court Justice appointed by Pres. Ronald Reagan
A
• Sandra Day O’Connor
6
Q
– first female Secretary of State – appointed by Pres. Bill Clinton
A
• Madeline Albright
7
Q
– second female Secretary of State – appointed by Pre. George Bush
A
• Condoleezza Rice
8
Q
– third and current Secretary of State
A
• Hillary Clinton
9
Q
Data from the [?]confirmed that both male and female voters, regardless of their political persuasions, expected men to perform better as politicians than women. The only deviation in this data had to do with competency in areas such as education that are typically perceived as women‘s domains and voters, therefore, trusted women politicians more.
A
2006 American National Election Studies Pilot Study
10
Q
This puts the gender equality issues at the forefront of national discourse and precludes further downslide of women status in the modern Philippine society. Indeed, there are many hurdles for the changes to happen.
A
Gender Politics in the Philippines
11
Q
These legal and policy gains resulted from the strong voice of women that started even during the anti-dictatorship struggle that culminated with the ascension of Corazon Aquino as the first woman president of the country .
A
Gender Politics in the Philippines
12
Q
which asserted that “The State recognizes the role of women in nationbuilding and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.“
A
• Declaration of Principles Article II Section 14
13
Q
provided that “The state shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation”.
A
• Article XIII-Labor: Section 14
14
Q
Numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns, the list include:
A
Gender and Development Law
Party-List Law
Women in Nation-Building Law
15
Q
(5% of government agencies’ budget is for gender concerns)
A
Gender and Development Law
16
Q
(women as a particular sector for representation in the legislature through party-list elections)
A
Party-List Law
17
Q
(allocation of budget for women from development funds from foreign governments and multilateral institutions)
A
Women in Nation-Building Law
18
Q
Numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns, the list include:
A
Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law
Repatriation Law
Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
Military Training equality
19
Q
(making the practice unlawful)
A
Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law
20
Q
(repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by marriage in case of need)
A
Repatriation Law
21
Q
(women protection in hiring and pay)
A
Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code
22
Q
(equal rights for women to be recipients of land)
A
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
23
Q
(women can enter the military and police schools and providing facilities for them)
A
Military Training equality
24
Q
• The vocal women‘s movement was [?] that seek to protect women and broaden their role in the society.
A
instrumental in the enactment of the laws
25
• The campaign for the [?] saw the synergy of the different organizational forms within the women‘s movement. Their current engagement deals with the law that deals with domestic violence, abortion and divorce.
sexual harassment and the anti-rape laws
26
The gender situation in the Philippines can be described in sum as:
legal framework
advances in politics
Vibrant women's movement
statistics on women
27
has provided basic frameworks and processes for women empowerment and gender fairness but the dynamics of political and social institutions reinforced by the cultural standpoints continue to provide a push-pull effect on gender equality
legal framework
28
Women have made significant [?]
advances in politics
29
Though there may be several factors that tends to lessen its importance --like belonging to a political dynasty, the role of women in national and local decision-making can no longer be ignored and their competence, in some cases, suits up or even exceeds that of male politicians.
advances in politics
30
• The women's voice in the society is very strong due the [?].
vibrant women's movement
31
Recognized for their work in the international and national levels, the movement has been instrumental in pushing for many changes in the various facets of the Philippine society.
vibrant women's movement
32
• Additionally, the various organizations have worked on with pioneering educational approaches and servicespecific projects-- the "culture shift" of both men and women.
vibrant women's movement
33
remain indicative of the deep-rooted and widespread problems they encounter in their daily lives.
statistics on women
34
The labor market has stereotyped women, disadvantaged them in jobs and incomes, and even forced them into prostitutions and slave-like work.
statistics on women
35
• The social image of a Filipina is still that of a weak person, poster girl of domestic help, expert in double burden, and a sexual object.
statistics on women
36
While the mainframe of gender politics is changing, the struggle of women to escape from the traditional mold everyday life continues. (Anonuevo, 2000)
statistics on women
37
• Empowering and encouraging women to participate more fully in the public sphere is essential.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
38
• An increase of women in public life results in lower levels of inequality and increased confidence in national governments.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
39
• Ensuring that governments reflect the diversity of the societies they represent guarantees a balanced perspective which enables an inclusive approach to policy making and service delivery. whole-of-government approach is crucial to advancing the role of women in government.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
40
To empower women and fully leverage their skills in the global economy, we need to;
➢ [?] to ensure they have robust accountability mechanisms;
➢ [?] for implementing a gender equality agenda; and
➢ [?]by gender in order to measure progress on gender equality.
improve our public institutions
create clearly defined roles
break down our data
41
“Processes of political and economic transformation that have changed the face of the world over the past decades have had a profound impact on the lives of women. Many of these changes have been positive. Some, however, have strengthened the bonds of subordination and discrimination against women, restricting them from enjoyment of their [?].”
economic and social rights
42
The labor force statistics show a mixed picture.
feminization of the workforce
43
July 2000 figures showed that there are [?] unemployed women while there are [?] unemployed men.
1.942 million
2.631 million
44
However, more women are taken in for [?] especially in the big services sector like in retail trade. This leaves them exposed to employment insecurity and unfair compensation schemes.
labor flexibility arrangements
45
Within organizations, the gender balance is under overhaul. [?] is still male-dominated but women committees and affirmative actions have changed the complexion of decision-making.
Trade union leadership
46
• Workplace gender discrimination generally means that an employee or a job applicant is treated differently or less favorably because of their sex or gender, or because the person is affiliated with an organization or group that is associated with a particular sex or gender.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
47
• Even though the words ―sex and ―gender have different meanings, laws against discrimination at work often use them interchangeably.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
48
• Sometimes workers experience discrimination because of their gender and something else, like their race or ethnicity.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
49
For example, a woman of color may experience discrimination in the workplace differently from a white female co-worker. She may be harassed, paid less, evaluated more harshly, or passed over for promotion because of the combination of her sex and her race.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
50
is a measure of what women are paid relative to men.
gender wage gap
51
GENDER PAY GAP FORMULA:
dividing women‘s wages by men‘s wages, and this ratio is often expressed as a percent, or in dollar terms.
52
not being hired, or being given a lower-paying position because of your sex (for example, when an employer refuses to hire women, or only hires women for certain jobs)
gender discrimination
53
being held to different or higher standards, or being evaluated more harshly, because of your sex, or because you don‘t act or present yourself in a way that conforms to traditional ideas of femininity or masculinity
gender discrimination
54
being paid less than a person of a different sex who is similarly or less qualified than you, or who has similar (or fewer) job duties than you
gender discrimination
55
being denied a promotion, pay raise, or training opportunity that is given to people of another sex who are equally or less qualified or eligible as you
gender discrimination
56
being written up or disciplined for something that other employees of a different sex do all the time but never get punished for
gender discrimination
57
being insulted, called derogatory names or slurs because of your sex, or hearing hostile remarks about people of a certain sex, gender, or gender identity
gender discrimination
58
being intentionally or repeatedly called by a name or referred to as different gender that you don‘t identify with – as when a transgender man is called by his former (femaleassociated) name or referred to as ―Miss‖
gender discrimination
59
being subject to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature
gender discrimination
60
being rejected for a job, forced out on leave, or given fewer assignments because you‘re pregnant
gender discrimination
61
NOTE: Not all gender discrimination is
intentional or explicit.
62
•Terms and Conditions of employment - all the responsibilities, rules, and benefits of a job. Most of the time, they are set by an employer or negotiated by a worker and the employer at the time of hire. include but are not limited to things like your job responsibilities, work hours, dress code, vacation and sick days, starting salary, and performance evaluation standards. (Gender Discrimination at Work, 2019)
For workplace gender discrimination to be considered illegal
63
•Collective bargaining – unionized workplaces
For workplace gender discrimination to be considered illegal
64
• redefinition of work would recognize women‘s productive labor and enable women to profitably engage in homebased work.
Right to Work
65
• protection from sexual harassment in the work place, trade unions and labor organizations.
Rights at Work
66
• provision of nursing breaks for breast-feeding mothers, and establishment of daycare centers
Rights at Work
67
• separate toilet facilities and free access to them
Rights at Work
68
• provision of dayrooms for rest and recognition of menstruation-related health problems as the basis of rest breaks
Rights at Work
69
• ensuring participation of women in trade unions by holding meetings at times that are convenient to women
Rights at Work
70
Of the many influences on how we view men and women, [?] are the most pervasive and one of the most powerful
media
71
Three themes describe how media represent gender .
First, women are [?] which falsely implies that men are the cultural standard and women are unimportant or invisible.
Second, men and women are portrayed in [?] that reflect and sustain socially endorsed views of gender.
Third, depictions of relationships between men and women emphasize traditional roles and normalize [?].
underrepresented
stereotypical ways
violence against women
72
continue to present both women and men in stereotype ways that limit our perceptions of human possibilities.
Media
73
are portrayed as active, adventurous, powerful, sexually aggressive and largely uninvolved in human relationships.
• men
74
as sex objects who are usually young, thin beautiful, passive, dependent, and often incompetent and dumb.
• women
75
devote their primary energies to improving their appearances and taking care of homes and people.
• Female characters
76
Stereotypical Images of Relationships Between Men and Women
1. Women’s dependence/Men’s independence
2. Men’s authority/ Women’s incompetence
3. Women as primary caregivers/ men as breadwinners
4. Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
4. Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
77
1. [?] dependence/[?]independence
Women’s
Men’s
78
2. [?] authority/[?] incompetence
Women’s
Men’s
79
3.[?] as primary caregivers/[?] as breadwinners
Women
men
80
4. Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
Women
men
81
4. Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
Women
men
82
• The Little Mermaid - vividly embodies females' dependence on males for identity.- The mermaid quite literally gives up her identity as a mermaid to become acceptable to her human lover.
Women’s dependence/Men’s independence
83
• the Smurfs – Smurfette has a submissive role
Women’s dependence/Men’s independence
84
- men are the competent authorities who save women from their incompetence.
Men’s authority/ Women’s incompetence
85
• Sleeping Beauty's resurrection depends on Prince Charming’s kiss, a theme that appears in the increasingly popular gothic romance novels for adults.
Men’s authority/ Women’s incompetence
86
• Mr. Clean Commercial - Women are routinely shown anguishing over dirty floors and bathroom fixtures only to be relieved of their distress when Mr. Clean shows up to tell them how to keep their homes spotless.
Men’s authority/ Women’s incompetence
87
Prime-time television contributes to this image by showing women who need to be rescued by men and by presenting women as incompetent more than twice as often as men
Men’s authority/ Women’s incompetence
88
• In the 1950s, we see women devoting themselves to getting rings off of collars, gray out of their hair, and meats on the table.
Women as primary caregivers/ men as breadwinners
89
• It shows the restatement of men's inability in domestic and nurturing roles.
Women as primary caregivers/ men as breadwinners
90
• Media portray women who work outside of the home with their career lives, typically receive little or no attention.
Women as primary caregivers/ men as breadwinners
91
• SUPERWOMAN – women involved in caring conversations with family and friends and doing things for others, all of which never seem to conflict with their professional responsibilities.
Women as primary caregivers/ men as breadwinners
92
• Media’s representation of women as subject to men's sexual desires.
Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
93
• The very qualities women are encouraged to develop (beauty, sexiness, passivity, and powerlessness) to meet cultural ideals of femininity contribute to their victimization.
Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
94
• The qualities that men are urged to exemplify (aggressiveness, dominance, sexuality, and strength) are identical to those linked to abuse of women.
Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
95
• Women are defined by their bodies and how men treat them. Their independent identities and endeavors are irrelevant to how they are represented in media, and their abilities to resist exploitation by others are obscured.
Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
96
• Advertisements for makeup, colognes, and hair products often show women attracting men because they got the right products and made themselves irresistible.
Women as victims and sex objects / Men as aggressors
97
Disabled people have often been represented as without gender , as [?] creatures , as freaks of nature monstrous , the norm ‘other‘ to the social.
asexual
98
Yet the image of [?] may be intensified by gender - for women a sense of intensified passivity and helplessness, for men a corrupted masculinity generated by enforced dependence.
disability
99
are more likely to live in poverty.
• Disabled people
100
achieve lower educational outcomes than men.
• Younger disabled women
101
• In general, they have lower incomes from employment.
• Younger disabled women
102
are less likely to have access to rehabilitation.
• Women
103
• The age distribution of [?] is different to men (older vs younger).
women
104
• The type of impairments are different for women and men, with [?] more likely to experience degenerative conditions, while [?] are more likely to experience injury-related events
women
men
105
are more likely to experience public spaces as intimidating and dangerous.
• Women
106
are more likely to be living on their own, or in their parental family than men
➢Disabled women
107
are more likely to be divorced and less likely to marry than men with disabilities
➢Disabled women
108
are more likely to face medical interventions to control their fertility
➢Women
109
are more likely to experience sexual violence in relationships an in institutions.
➢Women
110
experience more extreme social categorization than men, being more likely to be seen either as hypersexual and uncontrollable, or desexualized and inert.
➢Women
111
thus confront major obstacles not only in relation to overcoming disabling environments, but also in achieving equal outcomes as men similarly disabled.
Women
112
Sports are often described as ‘?’.
male preserve
113
have been constructed and reconstructed around the assumptions, values, and ideologies of males, maleness, and masculinity.
Sports
114
3 key themes on debates about gender and sport since 1970:
1. leading scholars in the [?] have highlighted that throughout history, sporting practices inculcated behaviors and values defined as male, manly, and masculine.
2. issues surrounding the body, physicality, and sexuality have been brought to the fore in understanding [?].
3. it is emphasized that both women and men reinforce and challenge dominant [?] in various ways.
sociology of sport
gender relations in sport
gender ideology in sport
115
explains that in terms of gender, sport is a “contested terrain.‘‘
• Michael Messner
116
• Scholars in the sociology of sport have illustrated that many people are empowered by being involved in sport despite
traditional gender ideology.
117
• It is possible for [?] to experience feelings of independence, confidence, and increased self-esteem from their involvement in a variety of sporting practices.
women
118
Study of the behavior of groups and of the interactions of individual group members, aiming to understand the emergence of complex social behaviors among microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans.
SOCIAL DYNAMICS
119
refers to the cultural or societal inclination towards preferring male children over female children.
Son preference
120
In India and China, there exists a strong preference for sons over daughters due to various societal factors.
Deep-Seated Preference for Sons
121
Inheritance and land rights are traditionally passed down to male heirs, reinforcing their economic power and social status.
Social and Economic Value of Males
122
Aging parents often depend on support from sons, especially in the absence of robust national security schemes.
Social and Economic Value of Males
123
Greater male participation in the workforce allows them to contribute more to family income, enhancing their societal value.
Social and Economic Value of Males
124
Initiatives promoting gender equality and challenging traditional norms are essential to address the deep-rooted preference for sons.
Addressing Son Preference Practices
125
Implementing policies and programs that empower women and girls can help mitigate the adverse effects of son preference practices.
Addressing Son Preference Practices
126
Intense pressure on women to produce male children.
Individual and Family Impact of Son Preference
127
Historical acceptance of large families to ensure the birth of sons.
Individual and Family Impact of Son Preference
128
Past prevalence of female infanticide due to son preference.
Individual and Family Impact of Son Preference
129
Modern challenges include desires for smaller families and strict population policies.
Individual and Family Impact of Son Preference
130
Technologies like ultrasound and sex-selective abortion contribute to son preference.
Individual and Family Impact of Son Preference
131
⮚Highly skewed national sex ratios.
Macro Consequences of Son Preference
132
⮚Negative social repercussions, especially for women and girls.
Macro Consequences of Son Preference
133
Macro Consequences of Son Preference
⮚Challenges include:
▪ [?] for marriage.
▪ Increased risks of [?]
▪ Rise in crime and societal insecurity, particularly in cultures valuing [?]
Dearth of women
coerced marriages, bride abduction, trafficking, and violence.
marital status and fatherhood.
134
, also known as bride-price or marriage payment, is a customary practice where the groom or his kin pays the bride's family to ratify a marriage.
⮚Bridewealth
135
In some cultures, marriage is not considered complete until the [?] is acknowledged, signifying divorce if not returned.
⮚Bridewealth
136
⮚[?] symbolizes economic reciprocity, consolidates friendly relations, and pledges the well-being of the woman and her children.
⮚Bridewealth
137
Both [?] perpetuate gender inequality by assigning value and status based on gender.
bridewealth and son preference
138
commodifies women
Bridewealth
139
devalues females in favor of males.
son preference
140
These practices reinforce traditional gender roles and contribute to discrimination against women and girls within societies.
Bridewealth vs. Son Preference
141
is a widespread ritual practiced in many communities to achieve certain social needs and goals.
FGM
142
It is often considered a "rite of passage" for young girls entering womanhood.
FGM
143
aims to adapt women's bodies to prevailing social norms, values, and traditions regarding women's sexuality.
FGM
144
Historically, efforts to combat. [?] focused on health consequences, such as pain, bleeding, and infection.
FGM
145
In the 1990s, advocacy shifted to a human rights framework, highlighting [?] as a violation of women's rights regardless of health consequences.
FGM
146
This shift involved the involvement of feminist and human rights activists, emphasizing the broader implications of [?] beyond health concerns.
FGM
147
exists globally and manifests in various harmful cultural practices.
Gender-based discrimination
148
are examples of such practices.
Son preference, bride price, and female genital mutilation
149
These practices perpetuate gender inequality, reinforcing stereotypes and hierarchies within societies.
Son preference, bride price, and female genital mutilation
150
is a persistent and universal problem occurring in every culture and social group.
Violence against women
151
Around the world, at least one in every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime – most often by someone she knows, including a member of her own family, an employer or a co-worker.
Violence against women
152
has been called “the most pervasive yet least recognized human rights abuse in the world.”
Violence against women
153
includes physical, sexual and psychological violence such as domestic violence; sexual abuse, including rape and sexual abuse of children by family members; forced pregnancy; sexual slavery; traditional practices harmful to women, such as honor killings, burning or acid throwing, female genital mutilation, dowryrelated violence; violence in armed conflict, such as murder and rape; and emotional abuse, such as coercion and abusive language. Trafficking of women and girls for prostitution, forced marriage, sexual harassment and intimidation at work are additional examples of violence against women.
Gender-based violence
154
Types of Gender-Based Violence
➢ Overt physical abuse
➢ Psychological abuse
➢ Deprivation of resources needed for physical and psychological wellbeing
➢ Treatment of women as commodities
155
-physical abuses and/or psychological abuses occur. Often seen as a ‘private‘ issue and information about it is lacking.
• Family
156
- The community justifies the behavior of male abusers aimed at establishing control over women in the family and supports harmful traditional practices such as battering and corporal punishment.
• Community/Society
157
- women are vulnerable to sexual aggression (harassment, intimidation) and commercialized violence (trafficking for sexual exploitation).
• Workplace
158
- legitimizes power inequalities in family and society and perpetuates gender- based violence through enactment of discriminatory laws and polities or through the discriminatory application of the law
• State
