UNIT 3 LESSON 1-7 Flashcards
– refers to decision-making by a range of interested people including those in positions of power and ordinary citizens
Governance
Even in democratic societies in which gender equality is legally mandated, gender discrimination occurs in politics, both in regards to presumptions about political allegiances that fall along gender lines, and disparate gender representation within representative democracies.
Political Gender Inequality
Historically, this was even more true when women were neither considered full citizens nor could not vote.
Political Gender Inequality
The Nineteenth Amendment was passed the year following the Treaty of Paris, which ended World War I.
Women’s suffrage - 1920
– first female Supreme Court Justice appointed by Pres. Ronald Reagan
• Sandra Day O’Connor
– first female Secretary of State – appointed by Pres. Bill Clinton
• Madeline Albright
– second female Secretary of State – appointed by Pre. George Bush
• Condoleezza Rice
– third and current Secretary of State
• Hillary Clinton
Data from the [?]confirmed that both male and female voters, regardless of their political persuasions, expected men to perform better as politicians than women. The only deviation in this data had to do with competency in areas such as education that are typically perceived as women‘s domains and voters, therefore, trusted women politicians more.
2006 American National Election Studies Pilot Study
This puts the gender equality issues at the forefront of national discourse and precludes further downslide of women status in the modern Philippine society. Indeed, there are many hurdles for the changes to happen.
Gender Politics in the Philippines
These legal and policy gains resulted from the strong voice of women that started even during the anti-dictatorship struggle that culminated with the ascension of Corazon Aquino as the first woman president of the country .
Gender Politics in the Philippines
which asserted that “The State recognizes the role of women in nationbuilding and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.“
• Declaration of Principles Article II Section 14
provided that “The state shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation”.
• Article XIII-Labor: Section 14
Numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns, the list include:
Gender and Development Law
Party-List Law
Women in Nation-Building Law
(5% of government agencies’ budget is for gender concerns)
Gender and Development Law
(women as a particular sector for representation in the legislature through party-list elections)
Party-List Law
(allocation of budget for women from development funds from foreign governments and multilateral institutions)
Women in Nation-Building Law
Numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns, the list include:
Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law
Repatriation Law
Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
Military Training equality
(making the practice unlawful)
Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law
(repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by marriage in case of need)
Repatriation Law
(women protection in hiring and pay)
Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code
(equal rights for women to be recipients of land)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(women can enter the military and police schools and providing facilities for them)
Military Training equality
• The vocal women‘s movement was [?] that seek to protect women and broaden their role in the society.
instrumental in the enactment of the laws
• The campaign for the [?] saw the synergy of the different organizational forms within the women‘s movement. Their current engagement deals with the law that deals with domestic violence, abortion and divorce.
sexual harassment and the anti-rape laws
The gender situation in the Philippines can be described in sum as:
legal framework
advances in politics
Vibrant women’s movement
statistics on women
has provided basic frameworks and processes for women empowerment and gender fairness but the dynamics of political and social institutions reinforced by the cultural standpoints continue to provide a push-pull effect on gender equality
legal framework
Women have made significant [?]
advances in politics
Though there may be several factors that tends to lessen its importance –like belonging to a political dynasty, the role of women in national and local decision-making can no longer be ignored and their competence, in some cases, suits up or even exceeds that of male politicians.
advances in politics
• The women’s voice in the society is very strong due the [?].
vibrant women’s movement
Recognized for their work in the international and national levels, the movement has been instrumental in pushing for many changes in the various facets of the Philippine society.
vibrant women’s movement
• Additionally, the various organizations have worked on with pioneering educational approaches and servicespecific projects– the “culture shift” of both men and women.
vibrant women’s movement
remain indicative of the deep-rooted and widespread problems they encounter in their daily lives.
statistics on women
The labor market has stereotyped women, disadvantaged them in jobs and incomes, and even forced them into prostitutions and slave-like work.
statistics on women
• The social image of a Filipina is still that of a weak person, poster girl of domestic help, expert in double burden, and a sexual object.
statistics on women
While the mainframe of gender politics is changing, the struggle of women to escape from the traditional mold everyday life continues. (Anonuevo, 2000)
statistics on women
• Empowering and encouraging women to participate more fully in the public sphere is essential.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
• An increase of women in public life results in lower levels of inequality and increased confidence in national governments.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
• Ensuring that governments reflect the diversity of the societies they represent guarantees a balanced perspective which enables an inclusive approach to policy making and service delivery. whole-of-government approach is crucial to advancing the role of women in government.
GENDER EQUALITY FOR SOUND ENVIRONMENT
To empower women and fully leverage their skills in the global economy, we need to;
➢ [?] to ensure they have robust accountability mechanisms;
➢ [?] for implementing a gender equality agenda; and
➢ [?]by gender in order to measure progress on gender equality.
improve our public institutions
create clearly defined roles
break down our data
“Processes of political and economic transformation that have changed the face of the world over the past decades have had a profound impact on the lives of women. Many of these changes have been positive. Some, however, have strengthened the bonds of subordination and discrimination against women, restricting them from enjoyment of their [?].”
economic and social rights
The labor force statistics show a mixed picture.
feminization of the workforce
July 2000 figures showed that there are [?] unemployed women while there are [?] unemployed men.
1.942 million
2.631 million
However, more women are taken in for [?] especially in the big services sector like in retail trade. This leaves them exposed to employment insecurity and unfair compensation schemes.
labor flexibility arrangements
Within organizations, the gender balance is under overhaul. [?] is still male-dominated but women committees and affirmative actions have changed the complexion of decision-making.
Trade union leadership
• Workplace gender discrimination generally means that an employee or a job applicant is treated differently or less favorably because of their sex or gender, or because the person is affiliated with an organization or group that is associated with a particular sex or gender.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
• Even though the words ―sex and ―gender have different meanings, laws against discrimination at work often use them interchangeably.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
• Sometimes workers experience discrimination because of their gender and something else, like their race or ethnicity.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
For example, a woman of color may experience discrimination in the workplace differently from a white female co-worker. She may be harassed, paid less, evaluated more harshly, or passed over for promotion because of the combination of her sex and her race.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
is a measure of what women are paid relative to men.
gender wage gap
GENDER PAY GAP FORMULA:
dividing women‘s wages by men‘s wages, and this ratio is often expressed as a percent, or in dollar terms.
not being hired, or being given a lower-paying position because of your sex (for example, when an employer refuses to hire women, or only hires women for certain jobs)
gender discrimination
being held to different or higher standards, or being evaluated more harshly, because of your sex, or because you don‘t act or present yourself in a way that conforms to traditional ideas of femininity or masculinity
gender discrimination
being paid less than a person of a different sex who is similarly or less qualified than you, or who has similar (or fewer) job duties than you
gender discrimination
being denied a promotion, pay raise, or training opportunity that is given to people of another sex who are equally or less qualified or eligible as you
gender discrimination
being written up or disciplined for something that other employees of a different sex do all the time but never get punished for
gender discrimination
being insulted, called derogatory names or slurs because of your sex, or hearing hostile remarks about people of a certain sex, gender, or gender identity
gender discrimination
being intentionally or repeatedly called by a name or referred to as different gender that you don‘t identify with – as when a transgender man is called by his former (femaleassociated) name or referred to as ―Miss‖
gender discrimination
being subject to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature
gender discrimination
being rejected for a job, forced out on leave, or given fewer assignments because you‘re pregnant
gender discrimination
NOTE: Not all gender discrimination is
intentional or explicit.
•Terms and Conditions of employment - all the responsibilities, rules, and benefits of a job. Most of the time, they are set by an employer or negotiated by a worker and the employer at the time of hire. include but are not limited to things like your job responsibilities, work hours, dress code, vacation and sick days, starting salary, and performance evaluation standards. (Gender Discrimination at Work, 2019)
For workplace gender discrimination to be considered illegal
•Collective bargaining – unionized workplaces
For workplace gender discrimination to be considered illegal
