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GELECT 2 > Gender and Health > Flashcards

Gender and Health Flashcards

1
Q

The global understanding of sexual health has evolved over time, including in its relationship to reproductive health.

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

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2
Q

In 1974 – WHO convention in Geneva
―the integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being, in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love

A

Sexual Health

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3
Q

attention to pleasure and the right to sexual information were fundamental to this definition.

A

Sexual Health

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4
Q
  • “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes
A

Reproductive Health (ICPD,1994)

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5
Q

ability of people ―to have a satisfying and safe sex life‖ and the capability and freedom to reproduce if and when desired.

A

Reproductive Health (ICPD,1994)

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6
Q

It also included sexual health

A

Reproductive Health

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7
Q

the stated purpose of which was the enhancement of life and personal relations, and not merely counselling and care related to reproduction and sexually transmitted diseases

A

sexual health,

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8
Q

Global health burden

A

-extensive mortality and morbidity
➢-HIV
➢-STIs
➢-unwanted pregnancies
➢-unsafe abortions
➢-infertility
➢-maternal and genitourinary conditions
➢-gender-based violence
➢-sexual dysfunction

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9
Q

There was also growing awareness about the impact of stigma, discrimination and poor quality of care on people‘s

A

sexual and reproductive health.

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10
Q

This is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality

A

Sexual Health

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11
Q

it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity

A

Sexual Health

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12
Q

requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

A

Sexual Health

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13
Q

For it to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.

A

Sexual Health

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14
Q

refers to the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male.

A

Sex

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15
Q

While these sets of biological characteristics are not mutually exclusive, as there are individuals who possess both, they tend to differentiate humans as males and females.

A

Sex

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16
Q

For technical purposes in the context of sexuality and sexual health discussions, the above definition is preferred.

A

Sex

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17
Q

This is a central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.

A

Sexuality

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18
Q

It is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and relationships. - not all of them are always experienced or expressed.

A

Sexuality

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19
Q

Influences: biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors

A

Sexuality

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20
Q

Sexual rights
the rights to [?] of the person
the rights to [?]
the right to be free from [?]
the right to [?]
the rights to the [?] (including sexual health) and social security
the right to [?] and enter into marriage with the free and full consent of the intending spouses, and to equality In and at the dissolution of marriage
the right to decide the number and [?] of one‘s children
the rights to information, as well as [?]
the rights to [?], and the right to an effective remedy for [?] of fundamental rights.

A

life, liberty, autonomy and security

equality and non-discrimination

torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

privacy

highest attainable standard of health

marry and to found a family

spacing

education

freedom of opinion and expression; violations

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21
Q

protect all people‘s rights to fulfil and express their sexuality and enjoy sexual health, with due regard for the rights of others and within a framework of protection against discrimination.

A

Sexual rights

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22
Q

Major public health concern contributing significantly to the global burden of adult disease both because of the acute illness and because of long-term outcomes.

A

STIs

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23
Q

-chronic pain, infertility, adverse outcomes of pregnancy (including stillbirth and low birth weight) and cancers of the reproductive tract (including cervical cancer)

A

STIs

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24
Q

Most Common and Curable STIs

A

• Chlamydia • Syphilis • Gonorrhea • Trichomoniasis

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25
Q

Untreated STIs and RTIs are associated with an increased risk of [?] transmission. Effective management of STIs is therefore crucial for controlling the transmission of [?] in some populations (Grosskurth et al., 2000).

A

HIV

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26
Q

• can cause infection among both men and women

A

Chlamydia

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27
Q

• cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system.

A

Chlamydia

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28
Q

• it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later.

A

Chlamydia

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29
Q

• potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy

A

Chlamydia

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30
Q

pain or burning while peeing.

A

Chlamydia

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31
Q

pain during sex.

A

Chlamydia

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32
Q

lower belly pain.

A

Chlamydia

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33
Q

abnormal vaginal discharge (may be yellowish and have a strong smell)

A

Chlamydia

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34
Q

bleeding between periods.

A

Chlamydia

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35
Q

pus or a watery/milky discharge from the penis.

A

Chlamydia

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36
Q

swollen or tender testicles.

A

Chlamydia

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37
Q

pain, discharge and/or bleeding around the anus.

A

Chlamydia

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38
Q

• The disease starts as a sore that’s often painless and typically appears on the genitals, rectum or mouth.

A

Syphilis

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39
Q

spreads from person to person through direct contact with these sores.

A

Syphilis

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40
Q

Stages/Waves of Syphilis

A

Primary
Secondary
Latent
Late (Tertiary)

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41
Q

infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men.

A

Gonorrhea

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42
Q

• If you are pregnant and have gonorrhea, you can give the infection to your baby during delivery.

A

Gonorrhea

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43
Q

Often has no symptoms but can cause serious health problems.

A

Gonorrhea

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44
Q

Even when a woman has symptoms, they are often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection.

A

Gonorrhea

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45
Q

Painful or burning sensation when peeing

A

Gonorrhea

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46
Q

Increased vaginal discharge

A

Gonorrhea

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47
Q

Vaginal bleeding between periods.

A

Gonorrhea

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48
Q

A burning sensation when peeing

A

Gonorrhea

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49
Q

A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis

A

Gonorrhea

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50
Q

Painful or swollen testicles (although this is less common).

A

Gonorrhea

51
Q

Rectal infections may either cause no symptoms or cause symptoms in both men and women that may include: Discharge; Anal itching; Soreness; Bleeding; and Painful bowel movements.

A

Gonorrhea

52
Q

• Caused by a parasite

A

Trichomoniasis

53
Q

• discharge usually has a strong, unpleasant, and sometimes fishy smell

A

Trichomoniasis

54
Q

In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination.

A

Trichomoniasis

55
Q

Men have typically have no symptoms.

A

Trichomoniasis

56
Q

VULNERABLE POPULATION

A

Young people
People who engage in transactional sex or commercial sex
People who are sexually abused
People who are at risk of violence within their sexual relationships

57
Q

―a procedure for terminating an unintended pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking the minimal medical standards, or both‖ (WHO, 1992).

A

Unsafe Abortion

58
Q

Unsafe abortions account for [?] of all maternal deaths worldwide. It is estimated that [?] died from the complications of unsafe abortion in 2003 alone.

A

13%

66,500 women

59
Q

Factors influencing the incidence of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions
➢access of young women and young men to [?];
➢the legality of [?] to unmarried young people;
➢the legality of [?];
➢ [?] with regard to sex outside marriage;

A

information on contraception

supplying contraceptives

abortion

sociocultural norms and practices

60
Q

A number of factors influence the incidence of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions in any setting.
➢ [?] and the provision of safe abortion;
➢ the influence of [?] on the ability of girls and women to use contraceptive methods, or to reject sexual relations with men;
➢ the readiness of the [?] to provide safe abortions to the full extent of the law.

A

unintended pregnancies

gender-power relations

health service

61
Q

A [?] applied to abortion in general is sought to act across a range of domains, with the intention not only of ensuring that abortion is made safe, but also to reduce the need for abortion in the first place.

A

sexual health framework

62
Q

• Some countries who applied a [?] have successfully reduced the incidence of unsafe abortion by legalizing it (Cook et al., 2003; Grimes, 2006).

A

sexual health framework

63
Q

reduced the incidence by making their existing legal services safer (Ganatra et al., 200)

A

• Mongolia and VietNam

64
Q

• Other countries like [?] have taken steps to reduce the stigma associated with abortion (Ngwena, 2004; Ipas, 2008).

A

South Africa and Ghana

65
Q

Concerns related to sexual functioning are universal, but they have culturally specific forms.

A

Sexual dysfunction

66
Q

Sexual problems include:

A

low sexual desire
male erectile dysfunction
an inability to achieve orgasm
Premature ejaculation pain during intercourse
vaginismus

67
Q

is surprisingly common in all societies in which studies have been conducted in several countries (Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan)

A

Erectile dysfunction

68
Q

the likelihood of men reporting [?] has been found to be associated with various characteristics, most common of which is increasing age (Berradaet al., 2003; Safarinejad, 2003; Seyamet al., 2003; Shaeeret al., 2003).

A

erectile dysfunction

69
Q

Most men and women with sexual dysfunction who seek care, tend to look for it within the [?]. This is because [?] servicesaddressing sexual function and dysfunction are relatively uncommon.

A

private sector

public sector

70
Q

Studies around the world, including research in Egypt, Nigeria and Pakistan, have found that sexual dysfunction is associated with common mental illnesses, including

A

depression, and with low quality of-life(QoL) scores.

71
Q

Violence related to gender and sexuality is both a

A

violation of human rights and a public health concern.

72
Q

Sexual and other forms of gender-based violence include

A

➢rape
➢coerced sex
➢child sexual abuse
➢sexualized forms of domestic violence
➢Intimatepartner violence,
➢FGM
➢“honour”crimes
➢forced prostitution

73
Q

can be directed at women or men, girls or boys, and any group in a position of vulnerability.

A

Sexual violence

74
Q

The most common is violence towards women by men who are known to them, particularly their partners and husbands, but also other family members.

A

Sexual violence

75
Q

includes acts of physical aggression, psychological abuse, sexual coercion (including rape), and a range of controlling behaviours(WHO, 2005).

A

Intimate partner violence

76
Q

can be an important factor in unwanted pregnancy, in the acquisition of STIs including HIV, and in sexual dysfunction.

A

Violence

77
Q

[?], both vaginal and anal, can potentially increase the risk of HIV transmission because of the resulting abrasions and injuries.

A

Forced sex

78
Q

Studies show that sexual abuse early in life can lead to increased illhealth in adulthood.

A

Forced sex

79
Q

This is partly because of increased sexual risk-taking, such as having early first sex, multiple partners, and participating in sex work of various kinds (Klein & Chao, 1995)

A

Forced sex

80
Q

can be an obstacle to achieving sexual health in more indirect ways. (e.g.Male dominance-female has reduced autonomy)

A

violence

81
Q

“physical disabilities can affect sexual functioning andhave anegative impact on sexual wellbeing”

A

Interpersonal relationships
Self-esteem
Body image

82
Q

neurological disabilities such as spinal cord injury, stroke,multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.

A

Physical disabilities

83
Q

The sexual needs andexpressions of people with these disorders are often ignored, because there is aperception that they are not –or should not be –sexually active.

A

Physical disabilities

84
Q

also have a negative impact on sexual health

A

chronicillnesses

85
Q

Other [?], including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetesand depression, aswell as certain medications (such as those used for treating high blood pressure)are also implicated in sexual health problems

A

chronicillnesses

86
Q

might include the creation of policies to increase the social acceptability of sexual expression by people with a disabilityor chronic illness.

A

Sexual health framework

87
Q

It might also address the provision of information and education regarding certain side-effects of medicinesused by people with chronic disease.

A

Sexual health framework

88
Q

SEXUAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK (DOMAINS, BARRIERS, AND PROMOTIONS)

A
  1. Laws, policies, and human rights
  2. Education
  3. Sociocultural
  4. Economic
  5. Health
89
Q

• Work to change political structures that do not recognize sexual health concerns, or HIV-and sexualityrelated stigma.

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
90
Q

• Work for the repeal of discriminatory laws and policies, and to establish mechanisms to redress violations of human rights.

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
91
Q

• Work to review laws and policies as they affect sexual and reproductive health.

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
92
Q

• Work to review the application of human rights standards to sexual and reproductive health.

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
93
Q

Work to create political support for sexual health issues and interventions

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
94
Q

Promote dialogue about sexual health at all political levels from grass roots to national leadership, including religious and community leaders

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
95
Q

Publicize the efforts of leaders who work to promote sexual health

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
96
Q

Develop a strong evidence base to identify best practices in relation to sexual health, and promote commitment to them

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
97
Q

Promote and implement supportive rights-based national legislation, policy frameworks and institutional policies

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
98
Q

Promote awareness of rights (e.g.through work with media) Use international human rights standards in advocacy (e.g. in challenging FGM)

A
  1. Laws, Policies, and Human Rights
99
Q

Incorporate promotion of rights, diversity and gender equality into teacher-training curricula.

A
  1. Education
100
Q

Increase access to comprehensive, choicebasedsexualityeducation in schools.

A
  1. Education
101
Q

Promote sexuality education for the most vulnerable, including young people who do not attend school

A
  1. Education
102
Q

Promote equality within sexual partnerships and challenge and condemn violence.

A
  1. Education
103
Q

Promote community-based work on gender equality, building on positive social norms.

A
  1. Education
104
Q

Recognize and remove barriers to general and sexuality education.

A
  1. Education
105
Q

Recognize the role of genderbased power in sexual relationships as a determinant of sexual health outcomes Identify cultural practices that contribute to sexual ill-health.

A
  1. Sociocultural
106
Q

Promote equality and responsibility in relationships

A
  1. Sociocultural
107
Q

Challenge discrimination based on sexual and gender diversity

A
  1. Sociocultural
108
Q

Recognize the positive role that men can play in improving women‘s health

A
  1. Sociocultural
109
Q

Promote cultural practices that improve sexual health (e.g.early discussions of sexuality and sexual health)

A
  1. Sociocultural
110
Q

Engage influential community leaders (e.g. religious leaders) in debate to promote awareness of public health imperatives of addressing sexual health issues.

A
  1. Sociocultural
111
Q

Build partnerships to implement culturally sensitive programmesaimed at preventing violence against women, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and FGM.

A
  1. Sociocultural
112
Q

Recognize and emphasize the links between economic marginalization and sexual ill-health.

A
  1. Economic
113
Q

Promote economic empowerment and alternative livelihood strategies for vulnerable groups (e.g.women, sex workers, young people, migrants, and LGBT who leave home)

A
  1. Economic
114
Q

Promoteeconomic development that favours economic improvement and opportunity for women and girls

A
  1. Economic
115
Q

Support research on the links between sexual health and poverty.

A
  1. Economic
116
Q

Eliminate barriers to service provision

A
  1. Health
117
Q

Ensureadequate resources for sexual health services

A
  1. Health
118
Q

Increase access to sexual health services and resources, especially for the most vulnerable.

A
  1. Health
119
Q

Improve quality of sexual health care by implementing nonstigmatizing, rights-based approaches to service provision.

A
  1. Health
120
Q

Encourage religious leaders to challenge HIVand AIDS relatedstigma and social and gender issues that are harmful to health within communities

A
  1. Health
121
Q

Enhance communication between providers and clients (e.g. by promoting counselling within sexual health services) .

A
  1. Health
122
Q

Promote greater integration of sexual health services.

A
  1. Health
123
Q

Reach out to men in more positive ways.

A
  1. Health

GELECT 2 (9 decks)

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