Unit 3 - Lecture 21

Question 1

Training Adaptations to Resistance Training

Answer 1

• Increases in Hypertrophy
• Increases in Nerve Conduction Velocity
• Increases in Motor Units
• Increases in Angiogenesis
• Increases in Enzymes (Non-Oxidative)
  
  • Creatine Kinase
  • Phosphofructokinase

Question 2

Health Benefits of Resistance Training

Answer 2

• Improved Glycemic Control
• No change in blood pressure (maybe a decrease).
  
  • More work needs to be done.
• Maybe an increase in vascular function.
  
  • More work needs to be done.
• Increase Bone Density
• Increase Muscle Mass
  
  • Relates back to quality of life and function.

Question 3

Can you get more from aerobic training when it is paired with resistance training?

Answer 3

Yes, they are different modalities that work differently, so the potential is there.

Question 4

If exercise is viewed as a drug, then its impact on metabolic function will last for a given period of time.

Answer 4

Depending on how you exercise, aerobic or resistance, they are going to have an effect and then wane.

If you exercise frequently, daily, you can obtain more of a benefit.

Question 5

Is doing more exercise better?

Answer 5

Agonist - A substance that initiates a favorable physiological response when combined with a receptor.

Antagonist - a substance that initiates a non-favorable physiological response when combined with a receptor.

• Does biology work like this?
  
  • Yes, it’s called hormesis.
    
    • A biphasic response where training low stress is good and high stress is bad.

Question 6

Conducting aerobic training (AT) with resistance training (RT) is _______ _______.

Answer 6

Concurrent Exercise

• RT = Hypertrophy
• AT = Mitochondria/Blood Flow
  
  • Different agonist purposes.

Question 7

What does the field say about opposing effects on fitness?

Answer 7

• “Interference Effect”
  
  • Leads to the fatigue hypothesis.
    
    • Strength is reduced due to fatigue.
      
      • Low glycogen.
      • Acidosis.
      • Muscle damage.
      • Low neural drive.

Question 8

Is there a difference when looking at concurrent exercise vs. resistance training for hypertrophy?

Answer 8

• No difference
  
  • There are so many factors here, I do not believe it, however, we can roll with it for now.

Question 9

Is there a difference when looking at concurrent exercise vs. resistance training for power?

Answer 9

• Yes, there is a difference.
  
  • Which means there is no difference in strength?
    
    • I don’t understand this inference at all.

Question 10

Concurrent training:

Does running interfere with lower body strength/hypertrophy?

Does cycling interfere with lower body strength/hypertrophy?

Answer 10

Yes

No

Eccentric contractions with running have been the main factor used to explain this phenomenon.

Question 11

Is there a dose-response to concurrent training protocols?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Do the sequence of resistance training and aerobic training matter?

Answer 12

• In general:
  
  • No effect on VO_2max
  • Rate of force development (power).
    
    • Strength and then Endurance
• If no effect on muscle mass, then what is affecting power?
  
  • Neural component

Question 13

From a molecular standpoint:

Resistance Training (Metabolic Load to Grow Tissue) - Anabolic

_____ > _____ > Protein Synthesis

Answer 13

AKT; mTOR

Question 14

From a molecular standpoint:

Aerobic Training (Energy Producing) - Catabolic

Ca²⁺ Release > _______

AMPK > ______ > Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Answer 14

CAMK

PGC1-Alpha

Question 15

What is causing the interference effect?

Answer 15

AMPK; mTOR

• AMPK is a regulator of mTOR
• AMPK blocks mTOR to minimize protein synthesis.
  
  • Evidence is starting to accumulate over time, however, still the leading thought.
• You cannot have an anabolic and catabolic processes at the same time.

Question 15

The divergence makes sense for concurrent training and the interference effect.

Answer 15

• Lifting increases muscle size and decreases O₂ diffusion rate.
• Endurance causes no change or an increase (depending on the muscle fiber) in muscle size and increases O₂ use capacity.
• Performance ≠ Health
  
  • People will most likely exercise in a way that meets their needs.
    
    • Not everyone responds to exercise the same way.

Question 16

Do all people respond the same way to exercise?

Answer 16

• Exercise Resistance
  
  • No change in PGC1-alpha
  • No change in oxidative capacity
  • No change in mitochondrial content
  • No change in insulin sensitivity
• Exercise Responsive
  
  • Increases in PGC1-alpha
  • Increase in Oxidative Capacity
  • Increase in Mitochondrial Content
  • Increase Insulin Sensitivity

Question 17

Biomarkers’ responses to exercise are/are not quite variable.

Answer 17

• VO_2max
• FMD (Endothelial Function)
• Plasma Insulin
• Glucose
• HDL
• Blood Pressure
• Etc…

7-30% of people may not respond to exercise when looking at these respective outcomes.

Question 18

Adverse metabolic responses to regular exercise. Is it rare or uncommon? (Bouchard 2012)

Answer 18

• Individuals with high HbA1C have the smallest increases in their VO_2max from exercise training (Solamon, JAMA 2013).
  
  • Glucose toxicity modifies responses to exercise.
• Individuals with high HbA1C have the smallest increases in PGC1-alpha in muscle from exercise training (Johannsen 2013).
  
  • Glucose toxicity modifies responses to exercise.
• The longer you have had diabetes, the less likely you are to respond to an exercise intervention in changes in HbA1C.

Question 19

What is the take-home point of this lecture?

Answer 19

Each day (exercise) elicits a given response. Some are additive and some oppose. But, personal stimuli regardless of the will influence the response.

Specificity is key.