Unit 3 Key Terms

Question 1

Nature vs Nurture Theory

Answer 1

The theory that characteristics are determined by genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture)

Question 2

Tabula Rasa

Answer 2

The theory that all human beings are born as a “blank slate,” meaning that everything about us comes from nurture, or the environment

Question 3

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 3

The first stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Develop: from birth to 2 years old where infants first experience their environment and learn with senses and movements through trial and error. They start to develop looking, sucking, grasping, and listening abilities

Question 4

Preoperational stage

Answer 4

The second stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development: From 2 to 7 years old when children are “selfish,” broken up into two substages:
* Symbolic function: From 2 to 4 when children use symbolic language and their imagination
* Intuitive Thought: From 4 to 7 where logic plays a bigger role in their thinking

Question 5

Concrete operational stage

Answer 5

The third stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development: from 7 to 11 years old when children develop logical reasoning and an understanding of conservation, with a decrease in egocentric thinking.

Question 6

Formal operational stage

Answer 6

The last stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development: From ages 12 and up when children have more sophisticated and advanced thinking, as well as the ability to contemplate abstract or theoretical concepts. Skills like problem solving, deductive reasoning, and altruistic thinking are developed.

Question 7

Conservation

Answer 7

The ability to understand that a physical quantity remains unchanged after it’s been altered (being stretched, cut, elongated, spread out, shrunk, poured, etc.) Ex.) Realizing that when transferring water from one glass to a taller one, the water doesn’t change or disappear from the shorter glass, it just moves and appears to be a larger amount.

Question 8

Zone of proximal development (also known as ZPD)

Answer 8

A key concept in Vygotsky’s theory of learning and development, defined as the gap between a learner’s capabilities in the absence of assistance and their capabilities with guidance or collaboration

Question 9

Preconventional Level

Answer 9

The stage when someone focuses on what’s right and wrong because they are afraid of consequences. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards.

Question 10

Conventional Level

Answer 10

the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people fitting into social groups. An individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order.

Question 11

Postconventional Level

Answer 11

The individual moves beyond the perspective of their own story.

Question 12

PRECONVENTIONAL: Stage 1

Answer 12

Obedience and Punishment: Behavior is determined by consequences. The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.

Question 13

PRECONVENTIONAL: Stage 2

Answer 13

Self-interest or Reward-based Behaviors: Behavior is determined again by consequences, however the individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.

Question 14

CONVENTIONAL: Stage 3

Answer 14

Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation: Behavior is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”

Question 15

CONVENTIONAL: Stage 4

Answer 15

Law and order orientation: Social rules and laws determine behavior; a larger perspective, focusing on societal laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties to others. The belief that rules and laws maintain social order that is worth preserving.

Question 16

POSTCONVENTIONAL: Stage 5

Answer 16

Social contract orientation: Individual rights determine behavior. Laws and rules are viewed as flexible and with exceptions, and authority is questioned.

Question 17

POSTCONVENTIONAL: Stage 6

Answer 17

Universal Ethical Principles; highest stage of functioning. difficult to reach. The appropriate action is determined by personal ethical principles/beliefs. Takes the perspective of all effected people.

Question 18

Zygote

Answer 18

A fertilized cell that forms after the union of male and female gametes. A zygote becomes an embryo within 5-6 days after fertilization.

Question 19

Embryo

Answer 19

an unborn offspring that develops from a zygote. An embryo develops in the 2nd to 8th week after fertilization, then eventually develops into a fetus. This occurs before body parts have developed

Question 20

Fetus

Answer 20

An offspring of a human or other mammal in the stages of prenatal development following the embryonic stages

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

Refers to all the genes that a person has inherited (ex. dominant and recessive genes)

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

How the genotypes are expressed (physical & nonphysical traits)

Question 23

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 1

Answer 23

Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months): Most important period in a child’s life. Babies learn about the world and are entirely independent on the caregiver. Personality is shaped as well as their health through interaction with parents.
Example: If a baby cries because their caregiver isn’t meeting their needs they might feel a sense of distrust in their caregiver if those needs aren’t met soon.

Question 24

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 2

Answer 24

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years): Toddler creates sense of self-control, independency, and decision making.
Example: If the caregiver of the toddler does everything for them, then the toddler will grow up relying on the caregiver and they won’t be able to be independent.

Question 25

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 3

Answer 25

Initiative vs Guilt (3-5): Focuses on decision making but also gaining initiative or a sense of guilt. If the child is put in an environment where it can be independent, the child has achieved initiative, but if the child is put in an environment where they are controlled, the child will get a sense of guilt.
Example: If the child is at recess and wants to play a game with its group of friends and the child helps pick the game and distribute the roles.

Question 26

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 4

Answer 26

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11): Revolves around the assimilation of new skills. Through social interactions, children are able to feel prideful and useful with their accomplishments and skills. If the child is not supported in learning new skills, though, the child will feel inferior (useless/unworthy).
Example: If the child is at school and one of its teachers tells the child that they are doing a good job on the assignment, the child will feel diligent.

Question 27

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 5

Answer 27

Identity vs Confusion (12-18): Teens explore their independence and figure out who they are. They feel conflicted with their values and goals while figuring out who they are and what they believe.
Example: If the teen is exploring different interests and finds one they like best, they can create an identity stemming from that interest.

Question 28

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 6

Answer 28

Intimacy vs Isolation (18-40): Young adults either create close and intimate relationships, or they become emotionally isolated.
Example: If a young adult finds a close group of friends or a life partner and builds a healthy relationship with them.

Question 29

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 7

Answer 29

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65): When adults feel the need to connect and contribute to the world. They may be inclined to raise children, support the community, or contribute through other means. If successful, the adult will feel accomplished and gain moral character (the virtue of caring), but if unsuccessful, the adult will feel distant from the community.
Example: If an adult decides to raise children as their contribution to the world.

Question 30

Erikson’s 8 Stages: Stage 8

Answer 30

Integrity vs Despair (65 to death): Revolves around reflection and reminiscing. Adults decide if they are content or unsatisfied with the life they lived. If they feel like their life had a purpose, they gain a sense of pride/honor. If not, they feel depressed/hopeless.

Question 31

Parenting Styles

Answer 31

The different forms of parenting: Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Uninvolved parenting

Question 32

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 32

A very strict parenting style where they are very controlling of their children with a lack of bond. This often causes aggressiveness or rebellion in children.

Question 33

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 33

Parents are loving and nurturing their children while still maintaining boundaries and firmness. The parent utilizes reasoning and discussion, leading to children being well-behaved with a good mental health.

Question 34

Permissive Parenting

Answer 34

Parents are loving and nurturing but have a lack of discipline. The child is allowed to do whatever they want with little consequence, which can lead to insubordination and some mental health issues (example: anxiety disorders from being unable to handle a situation emotionally).

Question 35

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 35

Parents do not meet the wants and needs of children. They are barely involved and hold little expectations, causing children to have low self-esteem and/or attachment issues.

Question 36

Identity Confusion

Answer 36

When some does not have a clear sense of our purpose in their live or in their identity

Question 37

Identity Achievement

Answer 37

Understanding and developing the purpose in one’s life. Having a good sense of self and who they are

Question 38

Foreclosure

Answer 38

Foreclosing occurs when an individual commits to an identity without having to explore any options

Question 39

Moratorium

Answer 39

A state of adolescence where one is actively exploring options and hasnt made commitments yet

Question 40

Hormones

Answer 40

Hormones are a chemical substance that is produced and distributed into the human body that interact with an individual’s body cells. Hormones are when the body acts differently

Question 41

Testosterone

Answer 41

Testosterone is a type of sex hormone that increases a male’s produce. (Ex. Physical changes such as building muscle.)

Question 42

Estrogen

Answer 42

Estrogen is another type of sex hormone that increases a female’s produce. (Ex. Increased Breast)

Question 43

Menopause

Answer 43

Menopause is usually experienced in women around age 50 that are in a woman’s ovaries that begin to produce less estrogen, which leads into the body changing metabolism, physical growth, mood, and sexual function and more. (Ex. Hot Flashes and Depression)

Question 44

Andropause

Answer 44

Andropause is unlike the menopause that women experience men don’t always go through andropause. However, the men who do go through andropause experience decreases in their testosterone levels. (Ex. Decreased energy)

Question 45

Dementia

Answer 45

Dementia and or severe memory loss are NOT normal parts of aging. They can be caused by other brain diseases such as an Alzhimer’s disease