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Psychology H > Final exam ;3 > Flashcards

Final exam ;3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A

The command center of the whole body, made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Neuron

A

The basic cell of the nervous system that sends and receives signals that influence behavior and motor control

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3
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of both internal and external stimuli

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4
Q

Episodic Memory

A

A type of declarative memory that involves personal events or “episodes” of someone’s life

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5
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A type of declarative memory that involves remembering processes, ideas, concepts, facts, etc.

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6
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A type of episodic memory that involves vivid and usually significant or impactful moments (ex. 9/11)

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7
Q

Priming

A

An automatic process where a response to a stimulus is enhanced due to previous exposure to the same stimulus (ex. finding candy near a park bench, automatically looking for candy the next time you’re there)

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8
Q

Memory Interference

A

When one memory causes another memory to be more difficult to retrieve. (ex. learning a new formula in math makes you forget the previous one)

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9
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A technique to encourage or discourage a certain behavior through positive/negative reinforcement/punishment

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10
Q

Positive/Negative Reinforcement

A

Positive: Adding something to encourage a behavior

Negative: Removing something to encourage a behavior

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11
Q

Positive/Negative Punishment

A

Positive: Adding something to discourage a behavior

Negative: Removing something to discourage a behavior

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12
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A process where one is conditioned to have an automatic response to a stimulus through association (ex. packing your things when you hear the bell)

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13
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When your actions/behavior conflict with your thoughts/attitude and cause a feeling of discomfort

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14
Q

Nurture vs. Nature

A

A discussion or theory that focuses on whether traits are developed by genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture)

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15
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances in the human body that interact with individual cells to influence biological changes like puberty

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16
Q

Estrogen

A

The female sex hormone that causes the maturation of female glands like the ovaries

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

The male sex hormone that causes the maturation of male sexual organs

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18
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

The gap between what someone can do with help and what they can do without it

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19
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that altering something (stretching, cutting, pouring, etc.) does not change the quantity

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20
Q

Scaffolding

A

When an older or more knowledgeable person helps another learn something within their zone of proximal development (ex. tutoring)

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21
Q

Prenatal Development

A

The development that happens before a baby is born, including the germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage

22
Q

Embryo

A

The second stage of prenatal development that follows the forming of a zygote, but before any body parts have developed

23
Q

Zygote

A

The first stage of prenatal development when male and female gametes form a fertilized cell

24
Q

Fetus

A

The final stage of prenatal development around 8 weeks after conception, basically an unborn human offspring

25
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genetic makeup, or all the genes they inherit (ex. alleles)

26
Q

Phenotype

A

A person’s physical traits. (ex. hair color)

27
Q

Parenting Styles

A

(self-explanatory) The four different approaches to parenting including authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved

28
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Strict parenting with little nurturing and more discipline or rules

29
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Reasonably strict and still nurturing while establishing discipline

30
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

A lack of discipline and overly nurturing, usually raising spoiled children

31
Q

Uninvolved Parenting

A

A lack of discipline and nurturing, with no effort to be in the child’s life at all

32
Q

5 Senses

A

The senses used to interpret your surroundings: Sight, Smell, Taste, Hearing, and Touch

33
Q

Sensation

A

The physical feeling of your surroundings from your senses

34
Q

Perception

A

The way you interpret or process your sensations or your surroundings

35
Q

Motivation

A

The desires, feelings, or beliefs that encourage someone to complete a goal

36
Q

Emotion

A

A combination of the mind and the body’s response to a stimulus

37
Q

Display Rule

A

The norms of expressing emotion that are unique to a certain culture or social group

38
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Also known as the “Evolutionary Perspective”, a theory stating that people behave in specific ways due to an evolutionary or genetic influence

39
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

A theory stating that the physical reaction and emotional reaction to a stimulus are separate and do not influence each other

40
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

A theory stating that our physical reactions cause our emotional reactions (stimulus –> physical reaction –> emotional response based on interpretation of physical reaction)

41
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

A theory stating that our needs lead to an aroused tension state, which creates the motivation to satisfy the need (ex. hunger, boredom)

42
Q

Incentive Theory

A

A theory stating that ALL motivations or behaviors are influenced by rewards or punishments (intrinsic + extrinsic motivation)

43
Q

Optimum Arousal Theory

A

A theory stating that behaviors and motivation are influenced by a desire to maximize arousal

44
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

The different levels of physiological needs from basic to optimal (physiological –> safety –> love –> esteem –> self-actualization)

45
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation that stems from internal rewards (ex. pursuing medicine because of a genuine interest)

46
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation that stems from external rewards (ex. pursuing medicine because of the money)

47
Q

Personality

A

A person’s distinct and usually regular pattern of thoughts and behaviors

48
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Known as the father of Psychoanalysis, he developed many psychoanalytic theories and practices

49
Q

Unconscious

A

The collection of our undesirable feelings or memories

50
Q

Id

A

The part of your personality involving impulses and animalistic desires

51
Q

Superego

A

The part of your personality involving morals (right vs wrong) and societal expectations or norms

52
Q

Ego

A

What results from a balance between the superego and the id, attempting to satisfy both. This is usually what you present to the world through your decisions.

Psychology H (10 decks)

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