Final exam ;3 Flashcards
The Nervous System
The command center of the whole body, made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
Neuron
The basic cell of the nervous system that sends and receives signals that influence behavior and motor control
Consciousness
Awareness of both internal and external stimuli
Episodic Memory
A type of declarative memory that involves personal events or “episodes” of someone’s life
Semantic Memory
A type of declarative memory that involves remembering processes, ideas, concepts, facts, etc.
Flashbulb Memory
A type of episodic memory that involves vivid and usually significant or impactful moments (ex. 9/11)
Priming
An automatic process where a response to a stimulus is enhanced due to previous exposure to the same stimulus (ex. finding candy near a park bench, automatically looking for candy the next time you’re there)
Memory Interference
When one memory causes another memory to be more difficult to retrieve. (ex. learning a new formula in math makes you forget the previous one)
Operant Conditioning
A technique to encourage or discourage a certain behavior through positive/negative reinforcement/punishment
Positive/Negative Reinforcement
Positive: Adding something to encourage a behavior
Negative: Removing something to encourage a behavior
Positive/Negative Punishment
Positive: Adding something to discourage a behavior
Negative: Removing something to discourage a behavior
Classical Conditioning
A process where one is conditioned to have an automatic response to a stimulus through association (ex. packing your things when you hear the bell)
Cognitive Dissonance
When your actions/behavior conflict with your thoughts/attitude and cause a feeling of discomfort
Nurture vs. Nature
A discussion or theory that focuses on whether traits are developed by genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture)
Hormones
Chemical substances in the human body that interact with individual cells to influence biological changes like puberty
Estrogen
The female sex hormone that causes the maturation of female glands like the ovaries
Testosterone
The male sex hormone that causes the maturation of male sexual organs
Zone of Proximal Development
The gap between what someone can do with help and what they can do without it
Conservation
The understanding that altering something (stretching, cutting, pouring, etc.) does not change the quantity
Scaffolding
When an older or more knowledgeable person helps another learn something within their zone of proximal development (ex. tutoring)
Prenatal Development
The development that happens before a baby is born, including the germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage
Embryo
The second stage of prenatal development that follows the forming of a zygote, but before any body parts have developed
Zygote
The first stage of prenatal development when male and female gametes form a fertilized cell
Fetus
The final stage of prenatal development around 8 weeks after conception, basically an unborn human offspring
Genotype
A person’s genetic makeup, or all the genes they inherit (ex. alleles)
Phenotype
A person’s physical traits. (ex. hair color)
Parenting Styles
(self-explanatory) The four different approaches to parenting including authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved
Authoritarian Parenting
Strict parenting with little nurturing and more discipline or rules
Authoritative Parenting
Reasonably strict and still nurturing while establishing discipline
Permissive Parenting
A lack of discipline and overly nurturing, usually raising spoiled children
Uninvolved Parenting
A lack of discipline and nurturing, with no effort to be in the child’s life at all
5 Senses
The senses used to interpret your surroundings: Sight, Smell, Taste, Hearing, and Touch
Sensation
The physical feeling of your surroundings from your senses
Perception
The way you interpret or process your sensations or your surroundings
Motivation
The desires, feelings, or beliefs that encourage someone to complete a goal
Emotion
A combination of the mind and the body’s response to a stimulus
Display Rule
The norms of expressing emotion that are unique to a certain culture or social group
Instinct Theory
Also known as the “Evolutionary Perspective”, a theory stating that people behave in specific ways due to an evolutionary or genetic influence
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory stating that the physical reaction and emotional reaction to a stimulus are separate and do not influence each other
James-Lange Theory
A theory stating that our physical reactions cause our emotional reactions (stimulus –> physical reaction –> emotional response based on interpretation of physical reaction)
Drive Reduction Theory
A theory stating that our needs lead to an aroused tension state, which creates the motivation to satisfy the need (ex. hunger, boredom)
Incentive Theory
A theory stating that ALL motivations or behaviors are influenced by rewards or punishments (intrinsic + extrinsic motivation)
Optimum Arousal Theory
A theory stating that behaviors and motivation are influenced by a desire to maximize arousal
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The different levels of physiological needs from basic to optimal (physiological –> safety –> love –> esteem –> self-actualization)
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that stems from internal rewards (ex. pursuing medicine because of a genuine interest)
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that stems from external rewards (ex. pursuing medicine because of the money)
Personality
A person’s distinct and usually regular pattern of thoughts and behaviors
Sigmund Freud
Known as the father of Psychoanalysis, he developed many psychoanalytic theories and practices
Unconscious
The collection of our undesirable feelings or memories
Id
The part of your personality involving impulses and animalistic desires
Superego
The part of your personality involving morals (right vs wrong) and societal expectations or norms
Ego
What results from a balance between the superego and the id, attempting to satisfy both. This is usually what you present to the world through your decisions.
