unit 3: investigative biology KA 1-3: Scientific principles and process, Experimentation, and Reporting and critical evaluation of biological research Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific cycle definition

A

observation; connstruction of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording and analysis of data; evaluation of reults and conclusion; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary

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2
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

the null hypothesis proposed that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

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3
Q

what is peer review

A

specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication

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4
Q

what are review articles

A

summarises current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

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5
Q

what is a primary paper

A

a report on the results of an experiment by the person or group who performed it

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6
Q

describe the process of peer reveiw

A

other scientists, who are specialists with expertice in the relavent feild asess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript & make recomendations regarding its sutability for publication

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7
Q

name the 3 R’s that must be considered when conducting animal studies

A

-reduction
-replacement
-refinement

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8
Q

what does reduction mean when conducting animal studies

A

reduce the number of animals in a study (without compromising the alidity or reliability)

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9
Q

what does replacement mean when conducting animal studies

A

avoid using animals when an alternitive cellular module system exists

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10
Q

what does refinement mean when conducting animal studies

A

techniques should be adjusted to minimise harm to animals

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11
Q

name the key points that must be followed when conducting human studies

A

-confidentiality
-the right to withdraw data
-informed consent (do they agree to take part and do they know what possible consequences could be)

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12
Q

what does the term valididty mean

A

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independant variable

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13
Q

what does the term reliability mean

A

consistent values in repeats and independant replicates

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14
Q

what does the term accuracy mean

A

data, or means of data sets, are close to true value

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15
Q

what does the term precision mean

A

measured values are close to each other

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16
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small scale study conducted to refine values for independent and controlled variables prior to conducting an experiment

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17
Q

what is an independent variable

A

an independent variable is the variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

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18
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

a dependant variable is the variable that is being measured in a scientific experiment

19
Q

what is a discrete variable

A

the measurements fall into distinct groups/dont have a unit- ie blood type, yes/no, left/right, eye colour, hair colour

20
Q

what is a continuous variable

A

measurements have a range of values between a minimum and maximum/have a unit- ie height, temperature, time

21
Q

name the two types of studies

A

experimental and observational

22
Q

what is an experimental study

A

an experiment that involves the manipulation of the independent variable by the investigator

23
Q

what is a randomised block design

A

an experiment in which treatment and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variables are likely to be the same across the treatment control groups

(example- splitting up the groups into males and females before splitting again into the treatment and control groups)

24
Q

what is a negative control

A

provides results in the absence if treatment

25
Q

what is a positive control

A

a treatment that us included to check that the system or equipment can detect when positive results occur

26
Q

define the placebo effect

A

a measurable change in the independent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

27
Q

definition of an in vitro study

A

preforming a given procedure in a controlled environment outside if a living organism (cells growing in culture or proteins in solution)

28
Q

definition of an in vivo study

A

experimentation using a whole, living organism (a drug trial or environmental sampling)

29
Q

advantages of an in vitro study

A

-can be tightly controlled
-this permits the use of simple experiments with clear & accurate findings

30
Q

disadvantages of an in vitro study

A

the findings may not be applicable in a wider setting

31
Q

advantages of an in vivo study

A

more true to life than studies done in a lab

32
Q

disadvantages of an in vivo study

A

-more complex to account for the wider range of confounding variables
-the independent variable is often not under direct control & there is almost always something that cannot be controlled

33
Q

describe the random sampling method

A

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

34
Q

describe the systematic sampling method

A

members of the same population are selected at regular intervals

35
Q

describe the stratified sampling method

A

the population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionately

36
Q

what is selection bias

A

the selection of a sample in a non-random way, so that the sample is not representative of the whole population

37
Q

describe how selection bias can be avoided when sampling

A

By sampling populations randomly

38
Q

what do box plots not have

A

error bars and the mean

39
Q

what is a positive corelation

A

where an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in another variable

40
Q

what is a negative corelation

A

where an increase in one variable is accompanied by an decrease in another variable

41
Q

describe a strong and weak correlation

A

strength of correlation is proportional to the spread of values from the line of best fit

42
Q

define a statistically significant result

A

a result that is unlikely to be due to chance alone

43
Q

how could you tell if a result was statistically significant from the error bars alone

A

if the error bars do not overlap, then the results are significantly different. if the error bars do overlap, then the results are not statistically significant