Unit 3 - Investigative Biology Flashcards
What is a discrete variable?
Can have a finite range of values.
What is a continuous variable?
Can have an infinite, uncountable range of values.
What is accuracy?
Data is close to the true value.
What is reliability?
Consistent values are achieved in repeats and independent replicates.
What is validity?
Variables are controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.
What is precision?
Measured values are close to each other.
What 3 ethical considerations must be adhered to in human studies?
Informed consent
The right to withdraw
Confidentiality
What 3 ethical considerations must be adhered to in animal studies?
Replacement - animals are replaced with alternatives such as tissue cultures or less sentient species.
Reduction - minimal number of animals are used to achieve robust results.
Refinement - using methods that minimise potential pain, suffering or distress on the animals.
What process ensures that published data is scientifically correct?
Peer review.
What 4 things must be published in scientific reports so that others are able to repeat an experiment?
Methods, data, analysis, conclusions.
What is a null hypothesis?
Statement which proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experimental treatment.
What is the process of the scientific cycle?
Observation Hypothesis Experimental design Gathering, recording and analysis of data Evaluation of results Conclusion If necessary, revise the hypothesis
What is it called when a biological investigation fails to find an effect?
Negative result.
What is a pilot study?
Small-scale, preliminary study used to plan procedures, assess validity and check techniques.
What are the advantages of carrying out a pilot study?
- plan procedures, assess validity and check techniques
- allows evaluation/modification of experimental design
- ensure appropriate range of values for independent variable
- establish number of repeats required for representative values
What is a negative control?
Provides results in the absence of treatments.
What is a positive control?
Ensures that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs.
What is a placebo?
Treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated.