Unit 2 - Sex and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are eggs much larger and fewer in number than sperm?

A

Due to the presence of an energy store.

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2
Q

Do males or female make a greater investment in reproduction?

A

Females.

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3
Q

Why is the investment in reproduction greater in females than in males?

A

They produce a lower number of larger gametes so their chance of reproductive success is lower and the chance of passing on genes is reduced.

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4
Q

What is the benefit of parental investment?

A

Increases the probability of production and survival of young.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of r-selected species?

A

Smaller;

Have a shorter generation time;

Mature more rapidly;

Reproduce earlier in their lifetime, often only once;

Produce a larger number of smaller offspring, each of which receives only a smaller energy input;

Limited parental care;

Many offspring will not reach adulthood.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of K-selected species?

A

Larger and live longer;

Mature more slowly;

Can reproduce many times in their lifetime;

Produce relatively few, larger offspring;

High level of parental care;

Many offspring have a high probability of surviving to adulthood.

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7
Q

What kind of environment does r-selection tend to occur in?

A

Unstable environments.

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8
Q

What kind of environment does K-selection tend to occur in?

A

Stable environments.

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9
Q

What is the benefit of external fertilisation?

A

Very large numbers of offspring can be produced.

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10
Q

What are the costs of external fertilisation?

A

Many gametes are predated or not fertilised
There is no or limited parental care
Few offspring survive

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11
Q

What are the benefits of internal fertilisation?

A

Increased chance of successful fertilisation
Fewer eggs needed
Offspring can be retained internally for protection and/or development
Higher offspring survival rate

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12
Q

What are the costs of internal fertilisation?

A

A mate must be located which requires energy expenditure

Requires direct transfer of gametes from one partner to another

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13
Q

What are mating systems based on?

A

How many mates an individual has during one breeding system.

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14
Q

What is monogamy?

A

The mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others.

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15
Q

What is polygamy?

A

Individuals of one sex have more than one mate.

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16
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male mates exclusively with a group of females.

17
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mates with a number of males in the same breeding season.

18
Q

What characteristics does sexual selection select for?

A

Characteristics that have little survival benefit but increase chances of mating.

19
Q

What can successful courtship behaviour in birds and fish be as a result of?

A

Species-specific sign stimuli and fixed action pattern responses.