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Anatomy > unit 3 - immune system > Flashcards

unit 3 - immune system Flashcards

1
Q

innoculate

A

to contaminate a sterile environment

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2
Q

attenuated

A

weakened

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3
Q

necrosis

A

dead tissue

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4
Q

sepsis

A

infection of the entire blood stream

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5
Q

incubation period

A

how long it took before symptoms appeared

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6
Q

dormancy

A

part of the lysogenic cycle- not active, no symptoms

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7
Q

immune

A

body isn’t responsive to antigens (can still spread antigens to others), antibodies are present

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8
Q

antihistime

A

anti-inflammation, combats antigen symptoms

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9
Q

innate defense system

A

the defense system the body is born with- phagocytes

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10
Q

adaptive defense system

A

defense system that develops over time- lymphocytes

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11
Q

prions

A

malformed proteins
“mad cow” disease
smallest

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12
Q

virus

A

phages infect bacteria
20-30 microns
second to smallest

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13
Q

bacteria

A

size of mitochondria
cure with antibiotics
it can have resistant strains
second to largest

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14
Q

parasites

A

large multicellular organisms
like worms
largest

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15
Q

sizes of infections

smallest to largest

A

prions
viruses
bacteria
parasites

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16
Q

viruses have one or both of these cycles

A

lyric and lysogenic

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17
Q

lytic cycle

A

recreating new phage DNA and ruptures out of the cell

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18
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

prophage becomes part of a cells chromosome but stays dormant and doesn’t affect the host

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19
Q

what cycle(s) is herpes

A

both- can be dormant for months or years then rupture

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20
Q

what cycle(s) is HIV

A

both- lives for a couple of years then kills the host

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21
Q

what cycle(s) is Ebola

A

only lytic- kills quickly

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22
Q

pandemic

A

virus spreads world wide

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23
Q

epidemic

A

virus spreads in an isolated population (country)

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24
Q

febrile

A

serious, experiencing more symptoms

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25
Q

index patient

A

first to get virus

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26
Q

BSL

A

bio safety levels 1-4

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27
Q

placebo

A

fake

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28
Q

CDC

A

center for disease control

atlanta GA

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29
Q

WHO

A

world health organization

geniva switzerland

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30
Q

fomites

A

a surface or object that transmits viruses/bacteria

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31
Q

what is the genus and species of the bacteria associated with ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

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32
Q

the ulcers bacteria secretes proteins that attract which cells

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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33
Q

urease (enzyme) breaks urea (chemical) into…

A

ammonia and carbon dioxide

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34
Q

the presence of bacterial colonies cause the gastric tissue to become…

A

inflamed

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35
Q
  • to - % of the worlds population is affected by ulcers at some time in their life
A

5 to 10 %

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36
Q

the chances of developing a peptic ulcer within 10 to 20 years after having this bacterial infection increases by – to – times

A

3 to 12 times

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37
Q

The portion of the small intestine leaving the stomach is called the

A

duodenum

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38
Q
  • to - of the worlds population carry the ulcer bacteria
A

1/3 to 1/2

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39
Q

where in the world are child infections with ulcer bacteria very rare

A

United States and Western Europe

40
Q

where in the world are child infections with ulcers bacteria very prevalent

A

developing countries

41
Q

A study involving Japanese American military men investigated the relationship between the bacterial infection and stomach cancer later in life. What was the finding?

A

six times more likely to get cancer

42
Q

what is the typical percent of oxygen in the earths atmosphere compared to the percent of oxygen in the stomach

A

stomach is 5% atmosphere is 21%

43
Q

The reason bacteria causes inflammation is to get what

A

nutrients

44
Q

what were two evolutionary choices for humans when dealing with ulcers bacteria

A

fight or be tolerant

45
Q

patient to stop taking the H2 receptor blocker’s have a – percent chance of having their ulcers reoccur within six months and a – percent chance that they will reappear within two years

A

50% of 95%

46
Q

what are two drugs that are currently used to treat the infection is caused by ulcers bacteria

A

amoxicillin and tetracycline

47
Q

what are two different chronic inflammatory diseases that could also possibly be caused by slow acting bacterial strains

A

ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

48
Q

which costs more to treat ulcers–new or old

A

Old

49
Q

what does a stem cell create

A

lymphoid stem cells and myeloid progenitor

50
Q

what are the three lymphocytes

A

B cell, T cell, and natural killer

51
Q

what are two types of B cells

A

plasma cell and memory cell

52
Q

what are two types of T cells

A

Th cell and Tc cell

53
Q

granulocytes create what cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells and monocytes

54
Q

what are two types of monocytes

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

55
Q

lymphocytes respond to what

A

antigens

56
Q

T in T cells stand for what

A

T for thymus

57
Q

B in B cells stand for what

A

bone marrow

58
Q

what do T cells do

A

they can only attach to antigens on the outsides of infected cells

59
Q

B cells create what

A

antibodies

60
Q

natural killer cells attack what and can do what

A

they attack cancer cells and virally infected cells and they assist in apoptosis

61
Q

Who are the first responders to infection or trauma

A

neutrophils

62
Q

what is more than 60% of all immune cells

A

neutrophils

63
Q

neutrophils release what to kill bacteria or fungi

A

toxins

64
Q

when neutrophils die they become

A

pus

65
Q

basophils and eosinophils release what

A

histamines and herapin (permeability of tissues)

66
Q

histamines cause what

A

inflammation

67
Q

basophils and eosinophils respond to what

A

allergic reactions and parasitic worms

68
Q

monocytes are phagocytic and that means what

A

they eat intruders

69
Q

Dendrid excels present what on its surface and trigger what

A

they present antigens and trigger adaptive immunity

70
Q

what defense system attacks first

A

innate nonspecific defense system

71
Q

phagocytes an inflammatory cells are part of what defense system

A

innate nonspecific defense system

72
Q

lymphocytes are part of what defense system

A

adaptive specific defense system

73
Q

what are the external barricades of the innate system

A

skin and mucous membranes

74
Q

what are the internal defenses of the innate system

A

phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins and attack cells

75
Q

macrophages have what on the outside

A

cytoplasmic extensions

76
Q

MHC one is what

A

A protein marker on the surface of a healthy cell

77
Q

fever allows what

A

The metabolic rate to increase which allows cells to reproduce and heal faster

78
Q

what are the four symptoms of an infection

A

inflammation redness pain and heat

79
Q

humoral immunity is part of what the defense system

A

adaptive

80
Q

define agglutination

A

antibodies clump up of the antigens in the blood–can happen with incorrect transfusions

81
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

your body trying to become immune by continuing to create antibodies

82
Q

vaccinations are effective because of what

A

they use weakened pathogens so your body can create antibodies without being harmed

83
Q

order of fight with defense systems

A
  1. innate
  2. humoral immunity (adaptive)
  3. cellular defense (adaptive)
84
Q

MHC two is what

A

proteins that the cell displays of what it has killed

85
Q

aids attack what cell

A

T cell

86
Q

blood is what percent of the body

A

8%

girls have 3 to 4 L and boys to 4 to 5 L

87
Q

what percentage is plasma and formed elements in blood

A

plasma is 55% and formed elements are 45%

88
Q

water is what percent of plasma

A

91%

89
Q

what composes plasma

A

proteins, water and other solutes

90
Q

what are the proteins in plasma

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin

91
Q

what are the other solutes in plasma

A

ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances

92
Q

what are the leukocytes in blood

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

93
Q

The formed elements in blood contain what

A

platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes

94
Q

where are glycoproteins on a virus

A

The outside

95
Q

what three countries do the majority of deaths occur from rabies infections

A

Latin America, Asia and Africa

96
Q

what viruses can be transmitted by athropods

A

TMV and Zika

Anatomy (6 decks)

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