Unit 3 Glossary Flashcards
What is an addition reaction
Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule
What is a aliphatic hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms join together in straight jeans branch changed or nonaromatic rings
What is an alkyl group
A group with the general formula CNH2N+1 obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane
What is alkylation
Introduction of an alkyl group into an organic molecule
What is an anti-bonding orbital
A molecular orbital outside the region between two nuclei
What is an aromatic compound
A compound that contains a benzene ring
What is an asymmetric carbon atom
A carbon atom in a molecule that has attached four different atoms and or functional groups
What is a chiral centre
A carbon atom attached are for non-identical atoms or groups
What is a condensation reaction
The joining of molecules with the release of water as a product
Define conjugated
Molecules with double or triple bonds that are separated by one single bond there is a delocalisation of electron in the pi orbitals between the carbon atoms linked by the single bond
What is a covenant bond
The sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
What is a dehydration reaction
A reaction in which water is eliminated from a molecule
Define delocalised
Molecules or ions that have p orbitals extending over three or more atoms have the localised pi electrons
What is a displayed formula
The relative positioning of atoms and the number of bonds between them
What is an electron shell
The main energy levels of an atom of the electrons are located
Define electronegativity
A measure of the tendency of an atom and a molecule to attract a pair of shared electrons towards itself
What is an electro file
A molecule that can act as an electron pair exceptor with an organic molecule
Define an electrophilic addition reaction
In addition reaction initiated by the rate determining attack of a electro file on the pie electron of the carbon carbon double bond
What is an electrophilic substitution reaction
Substitution reaction in which the new group introduced into the molecule is an electro file
Define Enantiomers
A pair of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images
Define free radical
A species with an unpaired electron represented in mechanisms by a single dot
What is a haloalkanes
Homologous series of organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of an alkane I’ve been substituted or replaced by halogen atom
What is halogenation
Any reaction in which a halogen atom is introduced into a molecule
What is heterolytic fission
The process of breaking a covalent bond within a molecule leading to the formation of ions
What is high resolution NMR
NMR Preformed in the presence of a strong and stable magnetic field so that the spin to spin coupling can be observed
Define homo lytic fission
The process of breaking a covalent bond within a molecule leading to the formation of free radicals
Define hybridisation
The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form the equivalent number of a hybrid molecular orbitals overlap in form covalent bonds
Define hydration
The addition of water molecule
Define hydrogenation
The addition of a hydrogen
What is a hydrolysis reaction
The breakdown of a molecule of water
What is the inductive effect
Effect of a functional group or atom in an organic molecule which attracts sigma electrons towards itself or repels them resulting in the formation of a dipole in the molecule
What is infrared spectroscopy
A type of absorption spectroscopy carried out in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum generally detecting the bone stretching and bending
Define initiation
The first elementary step in three radical reactions involves homeostatic cleavage of a bond typically by ultraviolet radiation or high temperatures to generate free radicals
What is the Kekulé structure
 A localised description of the structure of benzene in which there is six member drawings with alternative double and single bonds
What is low resolution NMR
NMR performed in a non-homogeneous magnetic field where spin to spin coupling cannot be absorbed
What is Markovikov’s rule
When adding a hydrogen halide to an asymmetric alkene the major product is formed from hydrogen adding to the carbon with more hydrogen and halide adding to the carbon with fewer hydrogens
What is a mass spectrometer
An instrument in which gassiest atoms or molecules are fragmented and ionised and then accelerated into a magnetic field where the ions are separated according to the mass charge ratio
Define a mechanism
A description in terms of bond breaking bond making an intermediate formation of the series of elementary steps by which an overall chemical reaction occurs
What is a molecular ion
A uni positive ion formed by an unfragmented molecule losing one electron following electron bombardment
What is the molecular orbital Theory
Theory of chemical bonding based upon the postulate existence of molecular orbitals
Define molecular orbitals
There are formed in molecules when atomic orbitals Combine and merge as atoms bond together sigma and pi bonds or molecular orbitals
Define multiplicity
The spelling of one nucleus affects that of a chemical a different nucleus on an adjacent atom don’t let of chocolates in NMR spectrum
What is a neutralisation reaction
I neutralisation reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water
What is NMR
Absorption of radio waves are precise frequencies binucleate with an old nuclear number one in an external magnetic field
What is nucleophilic substitution
Substitution of an atom or group of atoms with nuclear files as a Tatian species occurs via SN1 or SN2 mechanisms
Define optical Isomersim
Occurs when a molecule has no plane of symmetry and can exist in the left and right handed forms that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other the molecule possesses a chiral centre optical isomers rotate plane polarised light
What is an oxidising agent
An oxidising agent as an electron acceptor
What is a pi bond
A bond formed by the sideways overlap of 2P orbitals
What is a polar covalent bond
A bond formed when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to difference in electronegativity one atom has a partial positive charge and the other has an equal but opposite partial negative charge
What is a polarimeter
A device used to study optically active substances
What is a racemic mixture
And eat equimolar mixture of two enantiomers of the same compound as the rotation of plane polarised light is equal but opposite the mixture is not optically active
What is the rate determining step
Its lowest elementary step and reaction mechanism which controls the overall reaction rate
What is a reaction pathway
A sequence of reactions involving the conversion of organic compounds
Define reflux
The process of boiling a liquid in a flask connected to a condenser so that the condensed liquid runs back into the flask
Define saturated
Used to describe an organic molecule for example an alkane that contains no carbon to carbon double bonds only contains single bonds
What is a sigma bond
Formed by the head on over that between atomic orbitals
What is a skeletal formula
A simplified organic formula with a hydrogen atoms are removed from the alcohol chains this leaves just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
What is an SN1 mechanism
A nucleophilic substitution in which a Cabocation intermediate is formed in the rate determining step which then reacts with the nuclear file
What is an SN2 mechanism
A nucleophilic substitution worth con certified reaction occurs in which the nuclear file begins to bond with the carbon bearing the halogen as a halogen begins to leave the molecule
Define stereoisomerism
Went to double bonded carbon atoms each have two different atoms or groups attached them
What is steric hindrance
Prevention or slowing down overreaction by atoms are functional groups blocking the access of an attacking molecule or an ion
What is a substitution reaction
Atoms are added to a molecule by replacing atoms already present
What is ultraviolet spectroscopy
The absorption of an ultraviolet light by a molecule causing the promotion of electron from the ground state to excited electronic state
What is unsaturated
Used to describe a molecules such as alkane containing one or more carbon to carbon double bond

