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Advanced Higher Chemistry > Unit 3 Glossary > Flashcards

Unit 3 Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

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2
Q

What is a aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms join together in straight jeans branch changed or nonaromatic rings

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3
Q

What is an alkyl group

A

A group with the general formula CNH2N+1 obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane

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4
Q

What is alkylation

A

Introduction of an alkyl group into an organic molecule

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5
Q

What is an anti-bonding orbital

A

A molecular orbital outside the region between two nuclei

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6
Q

What is an aromatic compound

A

A compound that contains a benzene ring

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7
Q

What is an asymmetric carbon atom

A

A carbon atom in a molecule that has attached four different atoms and or functional groups

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8
Q

What is a chiral centre

A

A carbon atom attached are for non-identical atoms or groups

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

The joining of molecules with the release of water as a product

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10
Q

Define conjugated

A

Molecules with double or triple bonds that are separated by one single bond there is a delocalisation of electron in the pi orbitals between the carbon atoms linked by the single bond

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11
Q

What is a covenant bond

A

The sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms

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12
Q

What is a dehydration reaction

A

A reaction in which water is eliminated from a molecule

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13
Q

Define delocalised

A

Molecules or ions that have p orbitals extending over three or more atoms have the localised pi electrons

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14
Q

What is a displayed formula

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the number of bonds between them

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15
Q

What is an electron shell

A

The main energy levels of an atom of the electrons are located

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16
Q

Define electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom and a molecule to attract a pair of shared electrons towards itself

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17
Q

What is an electro file

A

A molecule that can act as an electron pair exceptor with an organic molecule

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18
Q

Define an electrophilic addition reaction

A

In addition reaction initiated by the rate determining attack of a electro file on the pie electron of the carbon carbon double bond

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19
Q

What is an electrophilic substitution reaction

A

Substitution reaction in which the new group introduced into the molecule is an electro file

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20
Q

Define Enantiomers

A

A pair of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images

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21
Q

Define free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron represented in mechanisms by a single dot

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22
Q

What is a haloalkanes

A

Homologous series of organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of an alkane I’ve been substituted or replaced by halogen atom

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23
Q

What is halogenation

A

Any reaction in which a halogen atom is introduced into a molecule

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24
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

The process of breaking a covalent bond within a molecule leading to the formation of ions

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25
Q

What is high resolution NMR

A

NMR Preformed in the presence of a strong and stable magnetic field so that the spin to spin coupling can be observed

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26
Q

Define homo lytic fission

A

The process of breaking a covalent bond within a molecule leading to the formation of free radicals

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27
Q

Define hybridisation

A

The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form the equivalent number of a hybrid molecular orbitals overlap in form covalent bonds

28
Q

Define hydration

A

The addition of water molecule

29
Q

Define hydrogenation

A

The addition of a hydrogen

30
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

The breakdown of a molecule of water

31
Q

What is the inductive effect

A

Effect of a functional group or atom in an organic molecule which attracts sigma electrons towards itself or repels them resulting in the formation of a dipole in the molecule

32
Q

What is infrared spectroscopy

A

A type of absorption spectroscopy carried out in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum generally detecting the bone stretching and bending

33
Q

Define initiation

A

The first elementary step in three radical reactions involves homeostatic cleavage of a bond typically by ultraviolet radiation or high temperatures to generate free radicals

34
Q

What is the Kekulé structure

A

 A localised description of the structure of benzene in which there is six member drawings with alternative double and single bonds

35
Q

What is low resolution NMR

A

NMR performed in a non-homogeneous magnetic field where spin to spin coupling cannot be absorbed

36
Q

What is Markovikov’s rule

A

When adding a hydrogen halide to an asymmetric alkene the major product is formed from hydrogen adding to the carbon with more hydrogen and halide adding to the carbon with fewer hydrogens

37
Q

What is a mass spectrometer

A

An instrument in which gassiest atoms or molecules are fragmented and ionised and then accelerated into a magnetic field where the ions are separated according to the mass charge ratio

38
Q

Define a mechanism

A

A description in terms of bond breaking bond making an intermediate formation of the series of elementary steps by which an overall chemical reaction occurs

39
Q

What is a molecular ion

A

A uni positive ion formed by an unfragmented molecule losing one electron following electron bombardment

40
Q

What is the molecular orbital Theory

A

Theory of chemical bonding based upon the postulate existence of molecular orbitals

41
Q

Define molecular orbitals

A

There are formed in molecules when atomic orbitals Combine and merge as atoms bond together sigma and pi bonds or molecular orbitals

42
Q

Define multiplicity

A

The spelling of one nucleus affects that of a chemical a different nucleus on an adjacent atom don’t let of chocolates in NMR spectrum

43
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction

A

I neutralisation reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water

44
Q

What is NMR

A

Absorption of radio waves are precise frequencies binucleate with an old nuclear number one in an external magnetic field

45
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution

A

Substitution of an atom or group of atoms with nuclear files as a Tatian species occurs via SN1 or SN2 mechanisms

46
Q

Define optical Isomersim

A

Occurs when a molecule has no plane of symmetry and can exist in the left and right handed forms that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other the molecule possesses a chiral centre optical isomers rotate plane polarised light

47
Q

What is an oxidising agent

A

An oxidising agent as an electron acceptor

48
Q

What is a pi bond

A

A bond formed by the sideways overlap of 2P orbitals

49
Q

What is a polar covalent bond

A

A bond formed when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to difference in electronegativity one atom has a partial positive charge and the other has an equal but opposite partial negative charge

50
Q

What is a polarimeter

A

A device used to study optically active substances

51
Q

What is a racemic mixture

A

And eat equimolar mixture of two enantiomers of the same compound as the rotation of plane polarised light is equal but opposite the mixture is not optically active

52
Q

What is the rate determining step

A

Its lowest elementary step and reaction mechanism which controls the overall reaction rate

53
Q

What is a reaction pathway

A

A sequence of reactions involving the conversion of organic compounds

54
Q

Define reflux

A

The process of boiling a liquid in a flask connected to a condenser so that the condensed liquid runs back into the flask

55
Q

Define saturated

A

Used to describe an organic molecule for example an alkane that contains no carbon to carbon double bonds only contains single bonds

56
Q

What is a sigma bond

A

Formed by the head on over that between atomic orbitals

57
Q

What is a skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula with a hydrogen atoms are removed from the alcohol chains this leaves just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

58
Q

What is an SN1 mechanism

A

A nucleophilic substitution in which a Cabocation intermediate is formed in the rate determining step which then reacts with the nuclear file

59
Q

What is an SN2 mechanism

A

A nucleophilic substitution worth con certified reaction occurs in which the nuclear file begins to bond with the carbon bearing the halogen as a halogen begins to leave the molecule

60
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A

Went to double bonded carbon atoms each have two different atoms or groups attached them

61
Q

What is steric hindrance

A

Prevention or slowing down overreaction by atoms are functional groups blocking the access of an attacking molecule or an ion

62
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

Atoms are added to a molecule by replacing atoms already present

63
Q

What is ultraviolet spectroscopy

A

The absorption of an ultraviolet light by a molecule causing the promotion of electron from the ground state to excited electronic state

64
Q

What is unsaturated

A

Used to describe a molecules such as alkane containing one or more carbon to carbon double bond

65
Q



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Advanced Higher Chemistry (4 decks)

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