unit 3: global resource consumption and security Flashcards
global poverty reduction between 1990 and 2015
extreme poverty in 1990=50% but by 2015=14%
classification of poverty
earn less than $4
rising num of middle class
- 2009, there were 2.8B mainly in europe, asia and north america
why is the increasing middle-class sector an important economic feature? (4)
- helps to increase sales of consumer goods
- cars/motorbikes increased by over 800% between 2009 and 2015
- the middle class is educated so they are involved in the political process and for growth
- predicted to double from 2015-2030; up to 5B
Do all middle class have economic security?
no, many ppl remain vulnerable to unemployment/ underemployment, especially those working in informal sectors
ecological footprint (gha)
hypothetical area of land required by a society, group or individual to fulfil all their resources needs and assimilate all their waste
what does the ecological footprint act as?
- monitoring environmental impact
- allow direct comparisons between countries; indicate sustainable/unsustainable life style
ecological footprint in LIC(3)
- smaller ecological footprint because of their smaller rates of resource consumption
- have less to spend on consumption and the informal economy is responsible for recycling many resources
- as LIC develop, its ecological footprint increases
ecological footprint in HIC (2)
- people have more disposable income, leading to greater demand/consumption of energy resources
- use of resource is often wasteful and produce far more waste/pollution
how is water distributed around the world?
unevenly; over 780M do not have access to safe water
why does the demand for clean water increase?
- population growth
- rising standards of living
absolute poverty
the lack of money for basic needs
relative poverty
has inadequate financial resources but falls below the standards of living in a particular society
income poverty=
family income is below national poverty line
Higher in HIC as cost of living is higher.
purchasing power parity (PPP)
the rates of currency conversion that try to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies
reason for poverty reduction
- growing int trade; more workers, more efficient economy
- MDGs, SDGs
- food production
- empowerment of women—> decrease in fertility rate; a smaller family
middle class
characterised by ppl who have approximately 33% of their income left after they have paid for essentials
left over income
discretionary and can be used to buy consumer goods/investment
Traditional middle class
socio Economic group between working and ruling class
resource/natural capital
anything that the earth provides
non-renewable
natural resources that humans are using at a rate that exceeds their replacement
renewable
using at ta rate that allows for their replacement
6 key components of ecological footprint
- built up land
- fishing ground
- forest
- grazing land
- crop land
- carbon footprint
weakness of ecological footprint measure (2)
- hard to contextualize
- can be misleading; depends on productivity of certain land
