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ib geo > unit 1: changing population > Flashcards

unit 1: changing population Flashcards

1
Q

Population distribution facts (3)

A

• most people live relatively close to the sea – some
three-quarters of the world’s population live within
1,000 km of the sea
• most people live on low ground – nearly 90% live in
areas less than 500 m high
• over 80% live in the northern hemisphere.

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2
Q

Favoured locations for living

A
  • fertile river valleys
  • places with a regular supply of water
  • good communications and the potential for trade
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3
Q

three major areas with high population density

A
  • South east asia
  • north east USA
  • western europe
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4
Q

disadvantaged areas for living

A
  • too dry
  • too steep
  • too cold
  • too infertile
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5
Q

Human factors for migration

A
  • distribution of raw materials
  • government policy
  • new town policies
  • war and conflict
  • migration of people
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6
Q

Definition of distribution

A

Distribution is where people live, whereas density is a measure of how many live there (per km^2)

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7
Q

Lorenz curves

A

inequalities ins population distribution can be shown using lorenz curves

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8
Q

Definition of HIC

A

people living in that country have an annual income of over $12,475

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9
Q

Definition of MIC

A

Annual income between $12,475 to $1,025

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10
Q

Definition of LIC

A

Annual income below $1,025

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11
Q

5 billion people live in ___

A

MIC

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12
Q

% of global GDP produced in MIC

A

1/3

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13
Q

MEDC definition

A

More economically developed countries which are the most developed countries and have a high standard of living. E.g Germany and Japan also called HIC

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14
Q

NIC’s

A

Newly industrializing countries. Countries which have experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since 1960.

Some NIC’s may develop into HIC’s e.g Singapore and South Korea.

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15
Q

BRICs

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

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16
Q

MINT

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

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17
Q

CPEs

A

Centrally planned economies such as North Korea who are under strict socialist rule.

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18
Q

Oil rich countries

A

Saudi Arabia, UAE. May have a high income per head but not distributed evenly

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19
Q

LEDC

A

Less economically developed countries e.g Pakistan and Kenya are at a lower stage of development and a lower quality of life

20
Q

LDCs

A

Afghanistan, Eritrea and Somalia have very low standards of living

21
Q

Population distribution in china

A
  • More than 10% of the population live on less than 1% of the land
  • Half the population lives on less than 1/10th of the land
  • Coastal and rivers are favoured location to live in
22
Q

Migration flow in China

A
  • 160 million left rural areas in order to migrate to the urban areas
  • between 1990 and 2005 80 million people migrated to cities and urban area
  • economically beneficial but not environmental
23
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

4 stages

shows changes in birth and death rate and total population

24
Q

Stage 1 of DTM

A 
High and variable:
- birth rates and death rates
are high and variable
-population growth 
-fluctuates
-no countries, only some
indigenous (primitive) tribes still
at this stage
25
Q

Stage 2 of DTM

A 
Early expanding:
-birth rates remain high but the
death rate comes down rapidly
-population growth is rapid
-Afghanistan, Sudan and Libya are at
this stage
26
Q

Stage 3 of DTM

A 
Late expanding:
-birth rate drops and the death rate
remains low
-population growth continues but at a
smaller rate
-Brazil and Argentina are at this stage
27
Q

Stage 4 of DTM

A 
Low and variable:
-birth rates and death rates are low
and variable
-population growth
-fluctuates
-UK and most developed countries are
28
Q

Stage 5 of DTM

A 
Low declining:
-the birth rate is lower than
the death rate
-the population declines
-Japan is at this stage
29
Q

Birth rate decrease

A

-children are very costly
-the government looks after people
through pensions and health services
-more women want their own career
-there is more widespread use of
family planning
-as the infant mortality rate comes
down there is less need for
replacement children

30
Q

Death rate decrease

A
  • clean water
  • reliable food supply
  • good hygiene and sanitation
  • lower population densities
  • better vacations and healthcare
  • rising standards of living
31
Q

Natural increase

A

crude death rate-crude birth rate

32
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of

births per thousand women of childbearing age

33
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Number of dependents/population ages(15-64) x 100

dependents are ages below 15 and older than 64

34
Q

Age/Sex pyramid

A

-A wide base indicates a high birth rate.
-A narrowing base suggests a falling birth rate
-Near-vertical sides indicate low death rates.
-Concave slopes suggest high death rates.
-Bulges in the slope suggest high rates of in-migration
(for instance, excess males 20–35 years will be
economic migrants looking for work).
-“Slices” in the slope indicate emigration or out-
migration or age-specific or sex-specific deaths
(epidemics, war).

35
Q

MUMBAI CASE STUDY MEGACITIES

A

Mumbai is India’s largest city

  • 25% of India’s output
  • 40% of foreign trade
  • In 2011 85% of the population lived in slums
36
Q

Forced Migration

A

Forced migration relates to the movement of refugees
and internally displaced people (those displaced by
conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or
environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters,
famine or development projects

37
Q

Types of forced migration

A

-Conflict-induced displacement includes people who
are forced to move due to armed conflict such as civil
war, violence or persecution.
-Development-induced displacement includes people
forced to move due to large-scale infrastructure
projects such as dams.
-Disaster-induced displacement includes natural disasters such as volcanoes and hurricanes, and human-induced disasters such as releases of radiation and chemicals.

38
Q

Types of forced migrant

A

• A refugee is a “person residing outside his or her
country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to
return because of a well-founded fear of persecution
due to race, religion, nationality, membership in a
political social group or political opinion” (International
Association for the Study of Forced Migration).
• Asylum seekers are people who have left their country of origin in search of protection in another country, but whose claim for refugee status has not been decided.
• Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are groups of
people who have been “forced to flee their home, due
to armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations
of human rights or natural or man-made disasters,
and who are still living within their owncountry”
(International Association for the Study of Forced
Migration).

39
Q

Ageing population

A

An ageing population is one with an increasing number
of elderly people. The older dependency ratio, or ODR,
relates the number of working-age people to the older
population that they support. It varies widely, from just 6 in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. Countries with a high ODR have to fund retirement and health care for their older population. In France, men live, on average, for 21 years after retirement, and women for 26 years

40
Q

Sex ratio in India

A
  • Selective abortion, boys are preferred over girls

- In 2003-2005 ratio was 880 for every 1000 girls

41
Q

Advantages of Ageing population

A
  • more skill/experience

- ‘granny culture’

42
Q

Disadvantages to Ageing population

A
  • more money spent on healthcare
  • more money spent on nursing homes etc.
  • increased burden on the workforce
43
Q

Pro Natalist tactics

A

• an increase in child benefits based on the number of
children a family had
• increased parental leave
• increased payments to mothers of second and third
children.

44
Q

Anti Natalist tactics

A
  • family planning education

- widespread contraception

45
Q

Korea case study for demographic dividend

A

Between 1950 and 1975, fertility dropped

from 5.4 children per woman to 2.9. By 2016, fertility had dropped to 1.25 children per woman.

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