Unit 3: Equality of Gender, Class, Race & Religion: Cases & Examples

Question 1

Which term refers to the concept where women and men enjoy the same status and have equal opportunity to realize their full human rights, contribute to national development, and benefit from the results?

A) Gender equality
B) Gender disparity
C) Gender identity
D) Gender bias

Answer 1

A) Gender equality

Question 2

“women and men enjoy the same status and have equal opportunity to realize their full human rights and potential to contribute to national, political, economic, social and cultural development, and to benefit from the results.”

What statement above is referring to what term?

Answer 2

Gender equality

Question 3

What term describes a system of power and control that positions cis-straight white males as superior and normative in their expression of gender and sexuality, leading to the socio-cultural, legal, and institutional marginalization of multiple gender and sexual identities that do not conform with heteronormativity?

A) Feminism
B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy
C) Gender Equity
D) Queer Theory

Answer 3

B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy

Question 4

What term serves as a key indicator of gender inequality and often highlights economic barriers that disproportionately affect women and other marginalized gender groups in the workforce?

Answer 4

The Gender Age Gap

Question 5

The term that refers to the difference in average earnings between men and women, typically expressed as the percentage of women’s earnings compared to men’s, is:

A) Pay Scale Disparity
B) Occupational Segregation
C) Gender Wage Gap
D) Economic Gender Parity

Answer 5

C) Gender Wage Gap

Question 6

What term refers to the difference in average earnings between men and women, typically expressed as the percentage of women’s earnings compared to men’s?

Answer 6

Gender Wage Gap

Question 7

Define “Gender Wage Gap?” Written Format!

Answer 7

Gender Wage Gap: Refers to the difference in average earnings between men and women, typically expressed as the percentage of women’s earnings compared to men’s.

Question 8

What gap can be influenced by a range of factors, including discrimination, occupational segregation, differences in work experience, and disparities in access to higher-paying roles?

Answer 8

Gender Wage Gap

Question 9

A company has a leadership team composed entirely of men, despite the fact that there are numerous qualified women and gender-diverse employees with the same or higher qualifications in the organization. When questioned about the lack of diversity, the leadership argues that men are naturally better suited for high-pressure roles.

What system of power is at play in this scenario, where men are prioritized for leadership positions and traditional gender roles are reinforced?

A) Meritocracy
B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy
C) Gender Wage Gap
D) Matriarchy

Answer 9

B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy

Question 10

In a university setting, LGBTQ+ students report experiencing higher rates of discrimination and fewer support resources compared to their cisgender, heterosexual peers. The campus policies largely focus on the experiences of cisgender men and women, with little acknowledgment of non-binary or transgender identities.

Which concept best describes the social system that privileges cisgender and heterosexual identities while marginalizing LGBTQ+ individuals in this scenario?

A) Gender Equality
B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy
C) Intersectionality
D) Economic Gender Parity

Answer 10

B) Cis-Heteropatriarchy

Question 11

A research study finds that women earn less than men across all levels of employment, despite holding similar educational degrees and years of experience. The study shows that women make, on average, 84 cents for every dollar earned by men in the same job categories.

What term accurately describes the earnings difference highlighted in this study?

A) Gender Equity
B) Pay Equity
C) Gender Wage Gap
D) Economic Equality

Answer 11

C) Gender Wage Gap

Question 12

What theoretical perspective of social inequality coined by “Kimberle Crenshaw” refers to describing the occupational implications of being both Black and a woman. It combines intersections of race and gender and helps us avoid making oversimplified generalizations?

Answer 12

Intersectionality

Question 13

Which theoretical perspective of social inequality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, refers to describing the occupational implications of being both Black and a woman, combining intersections of race and gender to avoid making oversimplified generalizations?

A) Conflict Theory
B) Functionalism
C) Symbolic Interactionism
D) Intersectionality

Answer 13

D) Intersectionality

Question 14

What term describes the study of how the effects of gender inequality impact women’s lives differently than men’s, while also asserting that biological differences do not justify separate social roles or archetypes?

Answer 14

Feminism

Question 15

Define, Feminism, Written Format!

Answer 15

Describes the study of how the effects of gender inequality impact women’s lives differently than men’s, while also asserting that biological differences do not justify separate social roles or archetypes.

Question 16

_____________ describes the study of how the effects of gender inequality impact women’s lives differently than men’s, while also asserting that biological differences do not justify separate social roles or archetypes? (FIll IN BLANK)

Answer 16

Feminism

Question 17

What term describes the study of how the effects of gender inequality impact women’s lives differently than men’s, while also asserting that biological differences do not justify separate social roles or archetypes?

A) Gender Studies
B) Feminism
C) Sociobiology
D) Queer Theory

Answer 17

B) Feminism

Question 18

What gap is illustrated by the industrial distribution of female and male employees, specifically highlighting the over-representation of men in labor-intensive jobs such as construction and mining, along with the higher rate of women in part-time work leading to lower wages?

A) Gender wage Gap
B) Employment Gap
C) Skill Gap
D) Occupational Gap

Answer 18

A) Gender wage Gap

Question 19

What gap is highlighted by the following statements: Women earn 84 cents for every dollar earned by men; Indigenous women earn less than Indigenous men; only 16% of gender-diverse women with disabilities are paid fairly; and at the current rate, it will take 169 years to close the wage gap?

A) Gender Wage Gap
B) Income Gap
C) Employment Gap
D) Economic Disparity Gap

Answer 19

A) Gender Wage Gap

Question 20

What concept explains the gap in wages due to the over-representation of men in labor-intensive jobs such as construction and mining, along with the higher rate of women working part-time, which contributes to lower wages?

A) Gender Wage Gap
B) Industrial Distribution of Female and Male Employees
C) Employment Gap
D) Occupational Segregation

Answer 20

B) Industrial Distribution of Female and Male Employees

Question 21

What term refers to violence directed at an individual based on their biological sex or gender identity, including physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, psychological abuse, threats, and sexual assault?

A) Domestic Violence
B) Gender-Based Violence
C) Intimate Partner Violence
D) Workplace Harassment

Answer 21

B) Gender-Based Violence

Question 22

What term refers to violence directed at an individual based on their biological sex or gender identity, and includes forms of abuse such as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, psychological abuse, threats, and sexual assault?

Answer 22

Gender-Based Violence

Question 23

Define Gender-based Violence, Written Fomat

Answer 23

Refers to violence directed at an individual based on their biological sex or gender identity, and includes forms of abuse such as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, psychological abuse, threats, and sexual assault?

Question 24

What term describes a form of abuse that women, girls, Two-Spirit, transgender, and non-binary individuals are at the highest risk of experiencing?

This violence includes physical and emotional abuse, such as name-calling, hitting, pushing, blocking, stalking, criminal harassment, rape, sexual assault, control, and manipulation. Many of these abusive actions are illegal.

Answer 24

Gender-Based Violence

Question 25

Anybody can be abused, no matter their background, identity, or circumstance. But women, girls, and gender-diverse people are at high risk of _______________.(Fill in the Blank)

Answer 25

Gender-Based Violence

Question 26

What term refers to a crisis that emerged during COVID-19, which received limited attention due to the pandemic? This crisis was characterized by a rise in violence, low visibility, and insufficient efforts to address it effectively.

Answer 26

Shadow Pandemic

Question 27

What term refers to a crisis that emerged during COVID-19, which received limited attention due to the pandemic, marked by increased violence, low visibility, and insufficient efforts to address it?

A) Mental Health Crisis
B) Housing Crisis
C) Shadow Pandemic
D) Healthcare Crisis

Answer 27

C) Shadow Pandemic

Question 28

What term is associated with the lack of support to help abuse survivors feel safe, alongside minimal awareness of the risks they faced during COVID-19?

A) Domestic Violence
B) Shadow Pandemic
C) Crisis Intervention
D) Public Health Emergency

Answer 28

B) Shadow Pandemic

Question 29

What term relates to the statistics indicating that in 67 reported decisions, there was “very little awareness overall of the heightened risks for survivors during COVID-19”? This reflects a pre-pandemic tendency among decision-makers to focus on incident-based physical violence rather than recognizing patterns of coercive control.

A) Gender-Based Violence
B) Shadow Pandemic
C) Intimate Partner Violence
D) Domestic Abuse

Answer 29

B) Shadow Pandemic

Question 30

What is the name of the video we watched in class that reveals domestic violence as a public health crisis in Canada, illustrating how survivors often find that the legal system lacks the protections they believed would keep them safe?

Answer 30

Survivors Speak

Question 31

What term refers to structured differences in rights, opportunities, rewards, and privileges among various groups in society? Becoming evident in daily interactions and societal norms.

Answer 31

Social Inequality

Question 32

What term refers to structured differences in rights, opportunities, rewards, and privileges among various groups in society? Becoming evident in daily interactions and societal norms.

A) Social Equality
B) Discrimination
C) Social Inequality
D) Institutionalized Racism

Answer 32

C) Social Inequality

Question 33

What term refers to an initiative or support system that ensures the ability to access safe shelter, emergency and long-term support, which are fundamental to the human rights of women and children? This also includes access to legal advice, representation, and technology.

Answer 33

Access is Key

Question 34

What focuses on the ability to secure safe shelter—both emergency and long-term—is a fundamental human right for women and children, ensuring they can live free from violence?

Answer 34

Access is Key

Question 35

Define “Access is Key”, Written Format

Answer 35

Refers to the ability to access safe shelter, emergency and long-term support, which are fundamental to the human rights of women and children, This also includes access to legal advice, representation, and technology.

Question 36

Which term refers to a concept that is considered a social construct rather than an innate or biological trait in people?

Answer 36

Race

Question 37

Which term refers to a concept that is considered a social construct rather than an innate or biological trait in people?

A) Genetics
B) Race
C) Anatomy
D) Physiology

Answer 37

B) Race

Question 38

Define Race, Written Format!

Answer 38

Refers to a concept that is considered a social construct rather than an innate or biological trait in people

Question 39

What is the process where certain groups or individuals, because of specific attributes they possess, have more power to shape and control rights and opportunities to benefit themselves?

Those who lack these attributes or are denied them have less access to these rights and opportunities.

Answer 39

Structured Inequality

Question 40

Define Structured Inequality, Written Format

Answer 40

Structured Inequality is a process where certain groups or individuals, because of specific attributes they possess, have more power to shape and control rights and opportunities to benefit themselves. Those who lack these attributes or are denied them have less access to these rights and opportunities.

Question 41

Which of the following describes how poverty becomes criminalized?

A) Providing affordable housing and social programs
B) Implementing laws against loitering, sleeping outdoors, panhandling, or busking
C) Increasing job opportunities and fair wages
D) Offering free mental health and addiction services

Answer 41

B) Implementing laws against loitering, sleeping outdoors, panhandling, or busking

Question 42

Which of the following statements highlights a situation where criminalization may occur in response to a mental health crisis?

A) Poverty’s emotional toll increases the risk of mental health challenges and psychological distress.

B) Criminalization of behaviors associated with mental health crises is uncommon.

C) Mental health services are widely accessible, preventing crisis situations.

D) Mental health crises are always addressed through healthcare support systems.

Answer 42

A) Poverty’s emotional toll increases the risk of mental health challenges and psychological distress.

Question 43

“A process in which groups or individuals with particular attributes are more able than those who lack or are denied these attributes to control or shape rights and opportunities for their own ends.”

The statement above is associated with which term?

Answer 43

Structured inequality

Question 44

Voting districts are redrawn in ways that favor specific demographic groups, giving them greater political influence over others. What is this scenario referring to?

A) Voting Rights
B) Political Inequality
C) Structured Inequality
D) Electoral Reform

Answer 44

C) Structured Inequality

Question 45

Access to healthcare is prioritized for people with private insurance, while those on government assistance face long wait times and limited options. What is this scenario referring to?

A) Healthcare Privilege
B) Insurance Discrimination
C) Structured Inequality
D) Medical Accessibility Issues

Answer 45

C) Structured Inequality

Question 46

In a hiring process, preference is given to candidates from prestigious universities, creating fewer opportunities for individuals from less well-known institutions. What is this scenario referring to?

A) Institutional Favoritism
B) Structured Inequality
C) Professional Networking
D) Educational Elitism

Answer 46

B) Structured Inequality

Question 47

What does MDI stand for, and what does it measure?

A) Maximum Density Index; measures urban population density
B) Material Deprivation Index; measures poverty beyond income by assessing access to basic needs
C) Market Demand Indicator; measures demand in various economic sectors
D) Mental Development Index; measures cognitive progress in early childhood

Answer 47

B) Material Deprivation Index; measures poverty beyond income by assessing access to basic needs

Question 48

What does MDI stand for, and what does it measure?

Answer 48

Material Deprivation Index;
measures poverty beyond income level by assessing access to basic needs

Question 50

Differences that become socially structured, in the sense that they become a regular and recurring part of how people interact with one another on a daily basis (p. xi)

The statement above is associated with which term?

Answer 50

Social Inequality

Question 51

What term represents both sets of people and structural categories, forming the containers that encapsulate these groups?

A) Strata
B) Class
C) Culture
D) Ethnicity

Answer 51

B) Class

Question 52

Which term describes entities that are primarily economically based but also impact the political and ideological spheres of society?

A) Identity
B) Class
C) Nationality
D) Stratification

Answer 52

B) Class

Question 53

Which concept is not merely equivalent to ranked statistical aggregates but includes a structural and economic base within society?

A) Class
B) Ethnicity
C) Demographic
D) Nationality

Answer 53

A) Class

Question 54

Which term describes the authority over human actions and behavior, extending beyond the state, like students following university regulations?

A) Economic Control
B) Political Control
C) Social Control
D) Personal Control

Answer 54

B) Political Control

Question 55

Which term describes the authority over human actions and behavior, extending beyond the state, like students following university regulations?

Answer 55

Political Control

Question 56

Define Political Control, Written Format

Answer 56

Describes the authority over human actions and behavior, extending beyond the state, like students following university regulations?

Question 57

What term is associated with this example of students following academic regulations of their university?

Answer 57

Political Control

Question 58

What term refers to the command over ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and information, often seen in societal frameworks such as racial ideologies or documents like the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

A) Ideological Control
B) Economic Control
C) Political Control
D) Social Command

Answer 58

A) Ideological Control

Question 59

What term refers to the command over ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and information?

Answer 59

Ideological Control

Question 60

Define Ideological Control, Written Format

Answer 60

Refers to control over ideas, knowledge, information, and beliefs i.e. racial ideologies; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Question 61

What are considered examples of Ideological control?

Answer 61

Racial ideologies or the Charter of rights and Freedoms

Question 62

What term refers to controling social situations?

Answer 62

Power

Question 63

Which term best describes the differential ability to command resources and shape social situations through influence over available means?

A) Political Control
B) Authority
C) Ideological Influence
D) Power

Answer 63

D) Power

Question 64

Define Power, Written Format

Answer 64

Refers to the control or command over resources, therefore controlling social institutions

Question 65

What term refers to the process of labeling or associating a specific minority, or group of color with particular stereotypes, behaviors, or characteristics?

Answer 65

Racialization

Question 66

Which term refers to the obstacles faced by Asians advancing to leadership or high-level positions in the workplace, often due to cultural stereotypes, systemic discrimination, and biases that undervalue their potential, despite their qualifications?

A) Glass Ceiling
B) Bamboo Ceiling
C) Racial Disparity
D) Equality Barrier

Answer 66

B) Bamboo Ceiling

Question 67

Which term refers to the process of labeling or associating a specific minority or group of color with particular stereotypes, behaviors, or characteristics?

A) Discrimination
B) Ethnicization
C) Racialization
D) Assimilation

Answer 67

C) Racialization

Question 68

Define, Racialization, Written Format

Answer 68

Refers to the process of labeling or associating a specific minority or group of color with particular stereotypes, behaviors, or characteristics.

Question 69

What term is referred to as a social construct rather than a biological innate trait?

A) Skin
B) Sex
C) Gender
D) Race

Answer 69

D) Race

Question 70

What term is referred to as a social construct rather than a biological innate trait?

Answer 70

Race

Question 71

Define Race?, Written Format

Answer 71

Referred to as a social construct rather than a biological innate trait.

Question 72

What term is referred to as policies or generalized norms that aim to treat everyone equally without considering factors such as race or gender?

Answer 72

Universalist Norms

Question 73

Define Universalist Norms, Written Format

Answer 73

Referred to as policies or generalized norms that aim to treat everyone equally without considering factors such as race or gender.

The term “universal norms” is often used to describe policies or generalized standards that aim to treat everyone equally, without considering individual factors such as race, gender, or other identity markers.

Question 74

What term is used to describe policies or generalized norms that aim to treat everyone equally, without considering factors such as race or gender?

A) Intersectionality
B) Affirmative Action
C) Universalist Norms
D) Social Construct

Answer 74

C) Universalist Norms

Question 75

What term refers to an ideology that promotes the belief that white people are inherently dominant and superior to other races?

Answer 75

White Supremacy

Question 76

Define White Supremacy? Written Format

Answer 76

Refers to an ideology that promotes the belief that white people are inherently dominant and superior to other races.

Question 77

What term refers to an ideology that promotes the belief that white people are inherently dominant and superior to other races?

A) Ethnocentrism
B) White supremacy
C) Racial equality
D) Multiculturalism

Answer 77

B) White supremacy

Question 78

What term describes the belief that one racialized group is superior to another, specifically based on race?

A) Prejudice
B) Racism
C) Discrimination
D) Stereotyping

Answer 78

B) Racism

Question 79

What term describes the belief that one racialized group is superior to another, specifically based on race?

Answer 79

Racism

Question 80

Define Racism, Written Format!

Answer 80

The belief that one racialized group is superior to another racialized group, specifically because of their race.

Question 81

What are the 4 Dimensions of Racism?

Answer 81

1. Individual
2. Social/Cultural
3. Institutional
4. Systemic

Question 82

What form of racism refers to policies, practices, and norms within institutions that create and maintain disadvantages for certain racial groups while benefiting others?

A) Systemic Racism
B) Individual Racism
C) Socialized Racism
D) Institutional Racism

Answer 82

D) Institutional Racism

Question 83

What form of racism refers to policies, practices, and norms within institutions that create and maintain disadvantages for certain racial groups while benefiting others?

Answer 83

Institutional Racism

Question 84

Define, Institutional Racism, Written Format

Answer 84

Refers to policies, practices, and norms within institutions that create and maintain disadvantages for certain racial groups while benefiting others.

Question 85

Which statement best describes systemic racism?

A) It is always intentional and easily identifiable.
B) It is a subtle and pervasive form of racism embedded in societal and institutional policies, often unintentional.
C) It only occurs in individual interactions between people.
D) It is exclusively related to personal beliefs and attitudes.

Answer 85

B) It is a subtle and pervasive form of racism embedded in societal and institutional policies, often unintentional.

Question 86

What form of racism is often the most difficult to identify, as it is pervasive, subtle, and can be unintentional, being embedded in societal and institutional policies?

A) Individual racism
B) Institutional racism
C) Systemic racism
D) Cultural racism

Answer 86

C) Systemic racism

Question 87

Define, Systemic Racism, Written Format

Answer 87

This is a subtle and widespread form of racism that is often hard to recognize. It exists within societal and institutional policies, regulations, and ideologies, leading to unintentional discrimination and ongoing disadvantages for certain racial groups.

Question 88

What form of racism is known for being direct, interpersonal, and includes actions like bigotry, insults, and discriminatory expressions toward an individual?

A) Systemic racism
B) Institutional racism
C) Individual racism
D) Structural racism

Answer 88

C) Individual racism

Question 89

What form of racism is known for being direct, interpersonal, and includes actions like bigotry, insults, and discriminatory expressions toward an individual?

Answer 89

Individual racism

Question 90

Define Individual Racism, Written Format!

Answer 90

Known as a form of racism is known for being direct, interpersonal, and includes actions like bigotry, insults, and discriminatory expressions toward an individual.