Unit 1: The Concept of Equality and The Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms

Question 1

What term refers to or signifies an “qualitative relationship” recognizing the similarities between people, object and situations in one or more ways?

Answer 1

Equality

Explanation:
-. In this context, equality refers to the comparison of different entities based on shared characteristics.

• Ensuring they are treated similarly in those specific respects while acknowledging that they may differ in other areas.

Question 2

What term refers to the principle that all individuals are entitled to dignity, respect, and fair treatment under the law?

Answer 2

Equality

Question 3

What term within legal studies and sociological lenses is an contested concept?

Answer 3

Equality

Question 4

What does the term “Equality” mean? Please Explain in Detail

Answer 4

Refers to the principle that all individuals are entitled to dignity, respect, and fair treatment under the law

Question 5

Which section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlines equality?

Answer 5

Section 15

Question 6

What was the first equality case to reach the Supreme Court of Canada that set the direction for interpreting Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

Answer 6

Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia:

Question 7

What case challenged Section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, arguing against the requirement of Canadian citizenship for admission to the Law Society of British Columbia?

Answer 7

Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia:

Question 8

What was the first case to reach the Supreme Court of Canada concerning equality rights under Section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and which shaped future interpretations of equality rights?

a) R. v. Morgentaler
b) Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia
c) R. v. Oakes
d) Law v. Canada

Answer 8

b) Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia

Question 9

What does Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outline?

A) Freedom of expression
B) The right to bear arms
C) Equality rights, including protection from discrimination
D) The right to vote

Answer 9

C) Equality rights, including protection from discrimination

Question 10

What term refers to outlined grounds within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that are protected from discrimination?

Answer 10

Enumerated Grounds

Question 11

What term refers to outlined grounds within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that are protected from discrimination?

A) Analogous Grounds
B) Enumerated Grounds
C) Substantive Equality
D) Formal Equality

Answer 11

B) Enumerated Grounds

Question 12

The characteristics such as race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age, mental disability, and physical disability, which are outlined in the Charter to protect against discrimination, are referred to as what type of grounds?

Answer 12

Enumerated Grounds

Question 13

What grounds are non-exhaustive in the charter and why?

Answer 13

Analogous grounds are non-exhaustive.
These are grounds that courts have recognized over time through judicial interpretation. They are not listed in the Charter but are treated similarly because they also relate to personal characteristics.

Question 14

What does the term “Enumerated Grounds”mean? Please Explain in Detail

Answer 14

The term “Enumerated Grounds” refers to outlined characteristics within the charter of Rights and Freedoms that are protected from any form of discrimination. Such as “Religion, Race, Sex. Mental or Physical disability, age, nationality, etc

Question 15

What does the term “Analogous Grounds” mean? Please Explain in Detail

Answer 15

The term “Analogous Grounds” refers to specific characteristic not outlined within a document such as the charter or Rights and Freedoms but are still work protecting from any form of discrimination.

Question 16

Please list characteristics/examples that would be associated with the term “Analogous Grounds”

Answer 16

marital status, sexual orientation, citizenship (or non-citizenship), and off-reserve residence for Indigenous people

Question 17

Characteristics such as marital status, sexual orientation, citizenship (or non-citizenship), and off-reserve residence for Indigenous people, which are not explicitly outlined in the Charter but still deserve protection from discrimination, are referred to as what type of grounds?

Answer 17

Analogous Grounds

Question 18

What term refers to a group of individuals who receive legal benefits, privileges, and resources that another group (the claimant’s group) does not?

Answer 18

Comparator Groups

Question 19

What was the 1982 amendment of the Constitution?

Answer 19

it is the charter of rights and freedoms - Pierre Trudeau was the one who added it

Question 20

What grounds within the study of equality is non-exhaustive?

Answer 20

Analogous Grounds

Question 21

How does the principle of comparator groups create a “but for” test?Please Explain in Detail

Answer 21

The principle of Comparator Groups creates a “but for” test by comparing a privileged group of individuals who receive legal benefits with less privileged groups. It determines whether the less privileged groups would have received the same treatment if they had a certain characteristic. This creation of the “But for” test helps to identify discrimination and assess whether individuals are equally compensated or represented under the law. Are there equality rights being met or compromised?

Question 22

What Aristotle test is based on the principle that “things that are alike should be treated alike.”?

Answer 22

Similarly Situated Test

Question 23

What is another name for “Formal Equality?”

Answer 23

Mechanical Equality

Question 24

What is another name for “Mechanical Equality?”

Answer 24

Formal Equality

Question 25

Read statement: “Applies the law in a uniform way, treating all people the same regardless of differences. This approach can fail to address deeper social inequalities.”

Based from the statement, what is the term?

Answer 25

Formal equality

Question 26

What test implies that claimants belong to a group that would receive the legal benefit if they did not possess the disqualifying characteristic?

Answer 26

“But For” Test

Question 27

Situation: A law mandates that all public facilities must be accessible to people with disabilities, but does not provide additional resources or accommodations beyond basic accessibility requirements.

What type of equality is this, given that the law applies the same standard of accessibility to all facilities without addressing varying needs for different types of disabilities?

Answer 27

Formal equality

Question 28

A public service organization offers its services to everyone in the community equally, without any special accommodations for individuals with disabilities.

What type of equality is this?

Answer 28

Formal Equality

Question 29

A school provides extra tutoring and resources to students from low-income families to help them perform at the same level as students from wealthier backgrounds.

What type of equality is this?

Answer 29

Substantive Equality

Question 30

______________________ “applies the law in a uniform way, treating all people the same regardless of differences. This approach can fail to address deeper social inequalities.” (FILL IN THE BLANK)

Answer 30

Formal equality

Question 31

What term refers to a group of individuals who receive legal benefits, privileges, and resources that another group does not, creating a “but for” comparison?

Answer 31

Comparator Groups

Question 32

____________________ understands that people have different circumstances and needs. It aims to adjust legal treatment to account for these differences, ensuring that disadvantaged groups receive the accommodations they need for true fairness. (FILL IN THE BLANK)

Answer 32

Substantive Equality

Question 33

What theoretical perspective refers to the interconnections or relationship between individual experiences, and larger societal patterns, trends, or forces?

Answer 33

Sociological Imagination

Question 34

Who was the individual who coined the theoretical perspective known as or referred to as “Sociological Imagination”?

Answer 34

C. Wright Mills

Question 35

What theoretical perspective suggest that social institutions (like family and education) play crucial roles in maintaining societal equilibrium, and that social problems often arise from institutional failures during times of change?

Answer 35

Functionalism

Question 36

What theoretical perspective views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order?

Answer 36

Functionalism

Question 37

Define Functionalism, Write answer

Answer 37

views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order?

Question 38

Define The “Sociological Imagination”?, Write answer

Answer 38

Refers to the interconnections or relationship between individual experiences, and larger societal patterns, trends, or forces?

Question 39

Why does Marx believe a capitalist society is built on conflict?
a) Because of inequality between races
b) Due to the competition between businesses
c) Because of the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
d) Due to struggles between nations

Answer 39

c) Because of the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat

Question 40

According to Karl Marx, what drives the history of humanity?
a) Technological advancements
b) Class conflict
c) Religious beliefs
d) Political ideologies

Answer 40

b) Class conflict

Question 41

Who co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx?
a) Adam Smith
b) John Stuart Mill
c) Friedrich Engels
d) Max Weber

Answer 41

c) Friedrich Engles

Question 42

What theoretical perspective refers to an analysis of politics and society, based in Marxian theory, that focuses on the historical and ideological forces that influence culture and human behaviour?

Answer 42

Critical Theory

Question 43

Define Critical Theory, Write Answer

Answer 43

Refers to an analysis of politics and society, based in Marxian theory, that focuses on the historical and ideological forces that influence culture and human behaviour.

Question 44

What theoretical perspective of social inequality is based on Marxist theory?

Answer 44

Critical Theory

Question 45

What theoretical perspective refers to deregulation of global markets, largely through the reduction of state power?

Answer 45

Neo Liberalism

Question 46

What theoretical perspective of social inequality refers a collection of varied groups struggling to dominate society and its institutions? And who was it coined by?

Answer 46

Conflict Theory, Karl Marx,

Question 47

Which theoretical perspective of social inequality examines how gender inequality shapes women’s lives differently from men’s, focusing on how individuals often perform specific roles that define and influence their social activities?

Answer 47

Feminism

Question 48

Define Feminism, Write Answer

Answer 48

Examines how gender inequality shapes women’s lives differently from men’s, focusing on how individuals often perform specific roles that define and influence their social activities.

Question 49

Define Conflict Theory, Write Answer

Answer 49

Refers a collection of varied groups struggling to dominate society and its institutions.

Question 50

What theoretical perspective of social inequality coined by “Kimberle Crenshaw” refers to describing the occupational implications of being both Black and a woman. It combines intersections of race and gender and helps us avoid making oversimplified generalizations?

Answer 50

Intersectionality

Question 51

Which theoretical perspective of social inequality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, refers to describing the occupational implications of being both Black and a woman, combining intersections of race and gender to avoid making oversimplified generalizations?

A) Conflict Theory
B) Functionalism
C) Symbolic Interactionism
D) Intersectionality

Answer 51

D) Intersectionality

Question 52

Define, Neo Liberalism, Write Answer

Answer 52

It is known for as the economic face of capitalism, promoting the deregulation of global markets through less gov’t or state intervention