Unit 3 - Economic Development Flashcards
1
Q
Energy demand
A
- World’s demand is increasing as population increases & therefore technology also increases
2
Q
Energy History
A
- Until 1700s - humans relied on traditional biomass for heat & cooking & used wind & water to grind grain or pump water
- Traditional biomass - wood, charcoal, peat or animal dung burned to make heat
- Invention of steam engine caused coal mining to increase from 1825
3
Q
Electricity production
A
- Many rely on electricity - almost 2/3 of the world’s electricity comes from coal & gas
- Fuel is burned to heat water, makes high-pressure steam which turns a turbine & powers a generator
4
Q
Fossil fuels
A
- Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas
- Formed millions of years ago from remains of plants & animals
- Release energy when burned
- Are non-renewable / will run out
- Found around the world - largest reserves are in USA & Russia
5
Q
Energy deficit
A
- Countries which cannot meet their own demands for energy with the energy sources available
6
Q
Energy gap
A
Difference between the amount of energy a country can supply from within its borders and the demand for energy
7
Q
Energy surplus
A
Countries with more reserves of energy sources the they need
8
Q
Renewable energy
A
- Sources that can be used without running out and are sustainable
- Demand is increasing
- Reduces emissions of greenhouse gases
9
Q
Nuclear power
A
- Reactions that occur within the atomic structure of certain materials to produce energy
- Heat generated by the splitting of the atom - nuclear fission
10
Q
Traditional biomass
A
- Fuelwood, charcoal, peat or animal dung that is burned to produce heat
- Around 40% of world’s population relies on it for heat & cooking
- Can be renewable if trees are planted to replace
- Still creates air pollution and contributes to global warming
11
Q
Energy sources in MEDCs vs LEDCs
A
- MEDCs - still reliance on oil, coal & gas but increasing amount of renewable energy sources used - still expensive so MEDCs can afford them
- LEDCS - traditional biomass is still important source of energy & many rural communities have no electricity or can’t afford less polluting sources
12
Q
Benefits of nuclear power
A
- Nuclear fission provides large amounts of energy
- Amount of fuel needed is very small
- Efficient fuel source as lots of energy comes from a small amount of fuel
- Does not create greenhouse gases which lead to global warming
- Cheap & reliable once power stations are built
13
Q
Disadvantages of nuclear power
A
- Nuclear waste is radioactive for thousands of years
- Radioactive waste is harmful to humans & environment - must be stored carefully so radiation doesn’t leak
- Possibility of accidents or damage to power station which can cause leaks e.g. Fukushima or Chernobyl - rare but happen
- Most countries need to import uranium
- Nuclear power stations are expensive to build
14
Q
Main types of renewable energy
A
- Wind
- Solar
- Hydroelectric power
- Geothermal energy
- Biofuels
- Wave & Tidal
15
Q
Advantages of wind energy
A
- No air pollution once operating
- Low operating costs
- Land around turbine can be farmed
- Wind farms can be large or small
- Good for remote areas
16
Q
Disadvantages of wind energy
A
- Disruptive for birds
- Visual pollution
- Lots of turbines needed to create decent energy
- Only produce energy when wind blows
- Construction costs are high
17
Q
Advantages of solar energy
A
- Once operating, no air or noise pollution
- Low maintenance
- Can be large or small scale
- Good for remote areas
18
Q
Disadvantages of solar energy
A
- Visual pollution
- Expensive to manufacture
- Only produce energy when sun shines
- Need large areas of land
19
Q
Advantages of hydroelectric power
A
- Once operating nor air or water pollution
- Long lasting
- Can control flooding downstream
- Reservoir provides water for irrigation & industry
20
Q
Disadvantages of hydroelectric power
A
- Expensive to build
- Needs large areas of land
- Dam blocks sediment - affects land downstream
- Disrupts river ecosystem
21
Q
Advantages of wave/tidal energy
A
- Once operating, no air or water pollution
- Reliable since tides & waves are constant
- Doesn’t take land away from food production
- Can produce energy efficiently
22
Q
Disadvantages of wave/tidal energy
A
- Expensive to build
- Can be damaged by storms
- Needs a high tidal range
- No use to landlocked countries
23
Q
Advantages of geothermal energy
A
- Once operating, low air pollution
- Doesn’t require much land
- Reliable & efficient
- Capable of producing large amounts of energy
24
Q
Disadvantages of geothermal energy
A
- Expensive to build
- Only suitable in areas with correct types of rock
- Requires large amounts of water
- Linked to small earthquakes
25
Advantages of modern biofuels
- Produces large amounts of energy
- Can be used in most engines
- Plants absorb as much carbon during growing as they release during burning
- Accessible for most countries
26
Disadvantages of modern biofuels
- Expensive to produce
- Large-scale production as monocultures
- Car engines need modification to use bioethanol
- Air, noise and visual pollution
27
Types of water supplies
- Dams & reservoirs
- Wells & bore holes
- Desalination
28
How dams & reservoirs work
- Dam is a man made structure across a river's width that holds back the water
- The water stored behind the dam is called a reservoir
- The reservoir can be used to supply water to a nearby population and the dam can control flooding by holding back water
- Dams can be used for HEP plants to generate electricity by getting the water to move a turbine
29
How wells and bore holes work
- Bore holes are drilled vertically down into the earth until the water table or water water stored in permeable rock is reached
- A pipe is installed underground and a pump at the surface brings the water up to the surface
- Wells are dug out by hand
30
How desalination works
- Process that removes salt and other minerals from water to make it suitable for human consumption or irrigation
31
Factors of dams & reservoirs
- Large scale - provides water to hundreds of thousands of people
- Electricity can be generated from turbines
- Can cause flooding of settlements & habitats
- High cost to build the initial structure
32
Factors of wells & bore holes
- Small scale & localized
- Doesn't cost much to set up
- Doesn't need much technical expertise to run
- Useful for accessing clean & safe groundwater supplies
33
Factors of desalination
- Large scale - can provide water for millions
- Very expensive to run - requires lots of energy
- Has a large carbon footprint
- Useful in areas with no water source or groundwater supply
34
How water use varies for countries
- LEDC use - primarily agricultural
- MEDC use - primarily domestic use and industrial use
35
Economic water scarcity
Where country has a sufficient water supply but lacks the funds to build infrastructure to supply fresh clean water
36
Physical water scarcity
When there is not enough water to meet demands
37
Managing water supply in MEDCs
- Repairing pipes
- Building dams and reservoirs
- Reducing water contamination
- Flood and drought prevention
38
Managing water supply in LEDCs
- Installing bore holes and water pumps
- Reducing loss from evaporation
- Sanitation systems for safe, clean water
- Irrigation systems
39
Development indicators
- Measure levels of development
- Show trends and spatial patterns
- Allow to make comparisons
40
Economic indicators
- GNI - total money earned by people and companies in a country in a year
- GDP - overall economic output of a country
- GNI per capita - GNI ÷ population
- GDP per capital - GDP ÷ population
41
Social Indicators
- Life Expectancy
- Infant mortality rate
- Access to water
- Adult literacy
42
Composite indicator
Development indicator made up of multiple indicators
43
Human Development Index (HDI)
- Composite indicator
- Measure life expectancy, GNI per capital & mean years of schooling vs. expected
44
Factors affecting development
- Historical factors - colonialism
- Civil war & political instability
- Harsh climatic conditions
- Physical geography - drought
- Disease - linked to climate change- Landlocked - ability to trade
- Natural hazards
- Enhanced global warming
45
Development; historical factors - colonialism
- Colonized countries may have missed out on development opportunities & possible conflicts
46
Development; civil war & political instability
- Normal services can't function properly during war - affects health, education and earnings
47
Development; harsh climatic conditions
- Extremely hot & arid, extremely cold, mountainous are difficult to live and grow crops in
48
Development; physical geography - drought
- Reduce supply of clean drinking water - affects health & development
49
Development; Disease - linked to climate
- Hot climates can lead to tropical diseases spreading e.g. malaria - eave people ill and unable to work
50
Development; landlocked - ability to trade
- Less connected to global trade for items traded in bulk - increases cost of international trade
51
Development; Natural hazards
- Extreme climatic events which cause infrastructure damage and affect power supplies
52
Development; Enhanced global warming
- More extreme weather - creates food & water shortages & failure to grow crops - poor health & poverty
53
Gini coefficient
- Measures inequalities within countries - scored 0-1 or 0%-100%
- 0/0% is perfect equality & 1/100% is maximum inequality
54
Second of production
- Primary sector
- Secondary sector
- Tertiary sector
- Quaternary sector
55
Primary sector
- Extraction of raw materials e.g. fishing & mining
56
Secondary sector
- The manufacturing of raw materials into finished products
57
Tertiary sector
- The providing of finished products and services e.g. teaching
58
Quaternary sector
- Research and development e.g. biotech industry
59
Methods of representing employment
- Triangular graphs
- Rostow's model - shows economic development over time w/switches in industry e.g. agriculture -> mechanization -> industrialization -> industrial diversity -> tertiary domination
- Traditional society, pre-conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
60
Globalization
- The increasing interconnectedness of the world
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