Case Studies Flashcards

Question

Urban sprawl case study

Answer 1

- Capital of the state Georgia - Population are from 2m in 1970 - 6m in 2013 - Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA - Recent population growth comes from Great Lakes & North-east where unemployment is high due to expensive cost of living - Lots of businesses based there - Coca Cola, Mercedes, Delta

Answer 2

- Population growth - 2m in 1970 - 6m in 2013 - largest growing metropolitan area in USA, biggest in South-East USA - Traffic congestion - Air and noise pollution is 4th worst in USA - 50000km of roads, 90% of residents drive to work - 68 hours of delays a year - Air quality - traffic congestion increases respiratory illnesses - emphysema, bronchitis, asthma - air stagnates so fumes are rarely blown away - Water quality and quantity - Suburbs on Chattahoochee river increase run-off, contaminate drinking water - 1m Atlantans use septic tanks that can leak - Agricultural land - Expansion causes farmland to be bought and covered with developments - Loss of green space/ecosystems - 1982-2002 38% of green space in Atlanta was built on - average loss of 135 hectares of trees a day - Impermeable surfaces - water can't drain due to concrete and asphalt - floods and contamination - Cultural loss - Civil war battlefields e.g. Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield are threatened by urban homes - Socio-economic division - white middle class suburbs in north and poorer blacks in the inner city - Hotlanta - trees replaced by concrete causes it to be 10˚C hotter than countryside

Answer 3

- The BeltLine - Using old abandoned railway tracks built before Atlanta and using them to form a loop to make 22 miles of light rail transit, trails and green space

Answer 4

- 527 hectares of new green space and parks - 53km of shared-use paths - 30,000 new permanent jobs from businesses - 5600 new workforce housing units - 50000 new housing units anticipated along the path - 45 neighborhoods gain new & greater connectivity - 8% of the city's land mass covered in planning area and 25% of Atlanta's residential population

Answer 5

- Increased life expectancy - Low fertility rate - improved diets, healthcare, awareness - More working women - WW2 - baby boom

Answer 6

- Increased tax burden on working age - Pensioners unlikely to get better pensions due to increase amount of pensioners - More housing needed due to more occupation from old age people - Increased need for elderly services - More family ties cut - More divorce - More being sent on healthcare - More dentistry demand - More tourism and leisure - More community service from elders

Answer 7

- Increases workforce participation in ages 50-70 - Raise age were pensions can be given - Pension Act increases age from 65 to 68 over 2024-2046 - Salary schemes reduced - Scotland has free residential and personal care fro 65+ - Encouraging increased immigration for working age

Answer 8

- Population of 1.3 billion in 2016 - Life expectancy of 76 - Fertility rate of 5.7 births per woman in 1970 - 1.57 births per woman in 2015 - 1970-2015 birth rates reduced by 400 million - Post WW2 - growth of 55 million in 3 years

Answer 9

- Early 1970 - government realized country was headed for famine - Couples were encouraged to have large families to repopulate baby boom - Population was growing unsustainably - limited resources and too many poor people who couldn't pay taxes

Answer 10

- One child policy - 1979 - Restricted family size from 3 to 1 child - Increased marriage age men - 22 women - 20 - Citizens has to apply to the government to marry - If abiding - families got free education, healthcare, housing and hobs - If not abiding - no benefits, fines and abortions - Receive 5-10% salary rise for abiding to the policy

Answer 11

- Female infanticide - killing of females due to favoring of males - Birth rate fell from 44-12 - Population growth rate decreased by 10% - 400 million fewer were born - New industries lifted millions out of poverty - Dependency ratio decreased - Working age decreased (long-term) - Little emperor syndrome - spoiled children - gender imbalance - more than 30 million young men than young women

Answer 12

- First child disabled - 2nd allowed - Twins or triplets - Families in rural areas allowed 2 children - Ethnic groups exempt - Couples who bribed

Answer 13

- Population - 67 million 2015 - Fertility rate - 1.67 in 1992 to 2.0 in 2015 - Concerned about decrease in labor supply and population decline - fertility levels reduced because of education, women in careers, later marriages, state benefits

Answer 14

- Code de la famille - 1939 - Offered financial incentives to mothers who stayed at home - Banned contraceptions - Subsidized holidays - Longer maternity leave - Higher child benefit - Improved tax allowance on large families - 30% reduction on public transport for 3 children families - Child oriented policies - Cash incentive of £675 monthly for mothers to stay off work for one year following the birth of a third child

Answer 15

- 2nd highest fertility rate in Europe - 2007 France had biggest baby boom since 1960s - Workforce size increased - More money spent on healthcare - People had less disposable income - 2007 - birth rate of 12.91, fertility rate of 1.98, migrant rate of 1.52, population growth rate of 0.588%

Answer 16

- Climate - hot and arid - 81% is desert or semi-desert, high average temp 13˚C lowest in June and July and 24˚C highest in December and January - low precipitation 30-31mm a year - lowest 0mm in July - Terrain - 1% of land is arable - over 50% of country is filled with mountains, valleys filled with sand, rocky outcrops and elevated plains - Lack of resources - driest country in African south of Saharan Desert - rich in diamonds but only employs 3% - Lack of economic activity and development - LEDC - GDP per capita $5100 in 2023 - GNI per capita $4880 in 2022 - 134th in world - unemployment 20.95% - employment 58% - export value $7.264m export $10.992m

Answer 17

- Population density 2.5 people per km^2 - 3rd sparsest in the world - 6 of 13 regions are lower than 2.5 average e.g. Karas with 0.4 people per km^2

Answer 18

Favelas of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

Answer 19

Shanty towns/slums near a city composed of illegal settlements built by people that don't own land I areas of great social deprivation

Answer 20

- People left Amazonia drought-hit areas in North East Brazil to find a better life in the city - 2010 population of 75,000 - now expected to be 3x more - Built on steep slope overlooking wealthy areas - 60% are in the suburbs

Answer 21

- Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault occurs regularly - over 750 favelas - many controlled by drug gangs

Answer 22

- 2008 - Pacifying police units established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers - 37 pacifying police units installed throughout the city

Answer 23

- Drug gangs pushed out - Aid programs introduced - Lower crime rates - Increased property values - Growth of tourism - More schools built

Answer 24

- Police brutality - shoot on sight led to many innocent deaths - Drugs are still a huge issue - People have to pay taxes they can't pay - People have to pay for water and electricity - used to be free - Government hasn't done enough to solve unemployment

Answer 25

- Houses are poorly constructed with basic materials - Unemployment rate high as 20% - 12% of homes have no running water over 30% with no electricity and 50% with no sewage connections - High murder rate of 20 per 100 people - Population density of 37,000 per km^2 - Drug gangs dominate area - High infant mortality rate 50 per 100 - Employment is poorly paid - Susceptible to natural disasters - 2010 landslide killed 224 and 13000 lost homes - Trips have to be done for water - Waste can't be disposed - disease - Homes have illegal connections to electricity - Average income less than £75 a week - Many inhabitants distrust police - Limited road access - Burning trash and setting fires to houses - Sewers are often open drains

Answer 26

- Site and service scheme - local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes

Answer 27

- Daycare and after school schemes to let parents work - Pacifying police unit to reduce crime - Installation of cable car to commercial centre - one free return ticket a day - Access to credit to buy materials to improve homes - Training to help people to get better jobs and earn more money - Services for addicts and domestic violence - Adult education improve literacy - Provision of basic services - Widening and paving of streets - Residents can apply to legally own properties - Replacement of wooden buildings with brick houses - New services staffed by local residents provide income

Answer 28

- Number of local businesses set-up almost doubled - Significant increase in schooling in ages 5-20 and daycare attendance - Standard of living and health improved - Property value in favelas increased by 80-120% - Development in service employment led to income increase of 15%

Answer 29

- Teachers do not have skills to improve literacy skills and teach new skills - Rent and house price rise caused poorer people to be priced out of their houses - Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs to damage - Newly-built infrastructure is not being maintained by government - Property value increased by 80-120% - Budget of $1B will not cover every favela

Answer 30

Migration from Mexico-USA

Answer 31

- Mexicans make up 29.5% of foreigners in USA - Mexican immigrants account for 20% of legal immigrants in USA - 14000-19000 Mexicans with doctorates live in the USA - More than 11.7m Mexican immigrants live in the US - 6.2m/56% of all unauthorized migrants are from Mexico

Answer 32

The tortilla curtain

Answer 33

- Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor - Low paid jobs - GDP per capita of $14,406 - Poor education prospects - 72% secondary school enrollment - Life expectancy 72 years - 40% unemployed - Unhappy life - poor standard of living - Shortage of food - Poor farming conditions - National average poverty level of 37%

Answer 34

- Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor - Well paid jobs - GDP per capita of $46,680 - Adult literacy rate of 99% - good college education - Life expectancy 76 years - Many jobs available for low paid workers - Better housing - Family links - Bright light syndrome

Answer 35

- Mexican migrants benefit economy by working for low wages - Culture has enriched US border - food, language, music - Educated and professional Mexicans bring skills and expertise - Great for US housing industry - Americans get cheaper homes

Answer 36

- Illegal migration costs US millions of dollars for border patrol and prison - Mexicans seen as a drain on US economy - Migrant workers keep low wages - affects Americans - Cultural and racial issues - 68% of 55,000 foreigners in US prisons are Mexicans - Money sent back to Mexico by immigrants is lost from American economy - 2014 $25b+ sent back to Mexico - Incidents of TB increased

Answer 37

- Legal and illegal immigrants send more than $6B a year back to Mexico - Average weekly wage in parts of Mexico - 600 pesos/$60 - 1/6 of American wage that is sent back to Mexico

Answer 38

- Countryside has shortage of economically active people - brain drain - Majority of women due to men emigrating - Women have trouble finding marriage partners - Young tend to migrate - villages have lost up to 2/3 inhabitants - Dependence of remittances can impair local initiative/no incentives - Hundreds of illegal immigrants die of scorching heat in Arizona desert - Dead to enter US has encouraged criminal organizations to profit

Answer 39

- April 25th 2015 - Magnitude of 7.8 - Lasted under 2 minutes - Epicentre - Bapak - north west of Kathmandu - Epicentre was 130 miles from Mount Everest - Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate - Earthquake released the energy of more than 20 nukes - Earthquake made Everest shrink by an inch

Answer 40

- 8500+ dead - Massive avalanche in Everest - killed 19 at base camp - Religious temples fell apart - Landslides in Langtang valley - Aftershock on May 12th of magnitude 7.3

Answer 41

NYC, Brooklyn, Niagara County

Answer 42

- Split up in 5 boroughs - Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, Staten Island - Statue of liberty - Empire State Building - World Trade Center - Times Square - JFK international airport

Answer 43

- 2023 - 7.9M - Annual growth rate - -3.48% - 2020-2023 - population decrease 8.8M-7.9M - Average household income $113,315 - Poverty rate - 16.96% - Huge wealth disparity - wealthy household income of $188.697 and poorest household income of $9320 - Most millionaires and billionaires in a city - 26,304 people per square mile - Over 800 languages spoken - Median age - 37;3

Answer 44

- Multifunctional - Culture - Health Care - Scientific output and innovation - Research and development - Technology - Education - Sports - More

Answer 45

- Very large sphere of influence - worldwide - tourism - High threshold population - Large range

Answer 46

- Coney Island - Brooklyn Museum - Barclays Center - Brooklyn Bridge - The Green-Wood Cemetery - Dumbo

Answer 47

- 2023 - 2.7M - Population density 36,732 people per square mile - Median age of 35.7 - Average household income of $101,187 - Poverty rate - 18.79% - Marriage rate - 40.3% - Labor force participation - 63.7% - High female to male ratio - 88 males to 100 females

Answer 48

- Tourism - Entertainment - Sports - Education - Healthcare - Has 11 miles of coastline - Land borders two bodies of water - New York Bay to West and Long Island Sound to the east

Answer 49

- Large sphere of influence - Relatively high threshold population - Long range

Answer 50

- Niagara Falls State Park - Niagara Falls observation tower - Nikola Tesla Monument - Niagara Wine Trail

Answer 51

- Population of 211,526 - Annual Growth Rate - -0.18% - 18th largest county in NY - -2.28% growth rate since 2010 - Poverty rate - 12.44% - Marriage rate - 47.6% - Labor force participation - 61% - Employment rate - 57.3% - Unemployment rate - 5.8%

Answer 52

- Tourism - Agriculture - Wine - Education - Land borders three bodies of water - Lake Ontario in the North, Tonawanda Creek in the South and Niagara River in the wets - Land is used for a variety of state parks

Answer 53

- Large sphere of influence - Smaller threshold population - Shorter range

Answer 54

California State Water Project

Answer 55

- HICs alike the USA have the money and resources to transfer water - California - south west of USA - Southern California has developed enormously and needs water to be transferred from the North of the state by the Project - Northern third of California has 70% of the state's water but 80% of the demand comes from the southern 2/3rds of the state & demand is mainly from agriculture - uses 80% of the state's available water but urban expansion in LA & San Diego has increased the demand - California State Water Project provides 25 million people water and 303500 hectares of irrigates farmland - Project is a water storage and delivery system of reservoirs, aqueducts, power stations and pumping plants - involved in making 21 dams & 1300km of canals, pipelines & tunnels - State has looked further away for more water e.g. Colorado River - Last time Project delivered 100% of water it to had to its customers was in 2006 due to pumping restrictions to protect endangered fish species - Water is also being used more by the Central Arizona Project which brings in 1.85 trillion liters to farms, cities & Native American reserves in Arizona which was previously used by California and other states since Arizona didn't claim it

Answer 56

- Supplies the available water supply in California which wasn't meeting the state's needs - Stores water and distributes it to 29 urban areas & farm land - 70% of the water goes to urban areas and industries in Southern California & San Francisco Bay Area - 30% used for irrigation in Central Valleys - Takes water form the Colorado River that runs through 7 states and starts in the Rocky Mountains - 1922 - water in the river was divided between he states as part of the Colorado River Compact but demands have risen since then

Answer 57

- Committed to deliver 20.35 million liters annually - but flow of the Colorado river has only averaged 17.25 trillion liters annually since 1930 - evaporation from the reservoirs by the dams made contributed to annual loss to 2.45 trillion liters & periodic droughts with dry years e.g. 2012 and record drought in 2013 mean that the river has fallen below average flow - Environmental concerns - removal of water in dry season affects the Sacramento-san Joaquin River Delta & negatively affects fish migration due to low water flow - Controversy over water price with average cost being $119 per 1000m^3 whereas agricultural users pay $36 per 1000m^3 for their water and some urban areas can pay up to $241 per 1000m^3

Answer 58

- Reducing leakage of water from pipes & aqueducts would alongside evaporation from those would stop 25% of losses - Recycling water - ca be used to irrigate gardens and golf courses & flush toilets - Reducing water subsidies - Farmers in south west USA only pay 10% of actual cost of water used for irrigation - federal government subsidizes rest - is subsidies were reduced drip irrigation systems could be sued which would be 100x more efficient than flood irrigation - Growing less water-dependent crops - e.g. alfalfa instead of rice - Desalination plants to produce water

Answer 59

- Iceland - Nordic island country in North Atlantic Ocean - Sits on a hotspot on Mid-Atlantic Ridge with constructive boundary moving 2cm apart a year (N American & Eurasian plate - Population of 356,991 & area of 103,000km - 3/4 live in capital in SW Reykjavik - High precipitation of +800mm/year - Defined by landscape w/volcanoes, geysers, hot springs & lava fields - 87% of Icelandic homes & public buildings heated by geothermal energy & 26% of country's electricity generated by geothermal - 5 major geothermal plants produced 26.2% of nation's energy in 2010 & only 0.1% of electricity came from fossil fuels - Rest comes from Hydroelectric power

Answer 60

- Makes up 73% of Iceland's energy - Used for heating spaces & houses

Answer 61

- 85% of houses are heated by Geothermal - 1990-2014 geothermal electricity production in Iceland grew by 1700% whilst population grew by 25% - this is because aluminum production increased which takes up 70% of the electricity - 5 major geothermal plants in Iceland - make 26% of nation's electricity - Heats geothermal spas and pools - One geothermal pool in each town/village and costs low due to low cost of geothermal heating - Over 600 hot springs & 200 volcanoes - Hot water cheap - Icelanders known for long showers - Used for greenhouses to grow fruits & vegetables - Warms up streets so they aren't slippery in winter

Answer 62

- Largest HEP station in NE Iceland completed in 2009 - Controversial - large wilderness area in Europe - 2000 reindeer + removed habitats for harbor seals due to flooding of land and diversion of water - Built by American government due to pollution problems by its US plant & Iceland offering cheap electricity - Provided 750 jobs for locals + foreign currency

Answer 63

Mekong river

Answer 64

- Third longest river in Asia - Drainage basin cover 795,000 km^2 - Runs through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia & Vietnam - Source - Tibetan Plateau - Mouth - Mekong River Delta

Answer 65

- Hydroelectric power & flood prevention - large amount of electricity generated - plans to have 60 plants & 77,000 million-kilowatt hours of electricity & let Laos export electricity - Tourism - river cruises and other activities create jobs and bring in money for locals - Food production - soils on the flood plains are very fertile, increases crop yields - known as the 'rice bowl' of Vietnam w/80% of the population in the Delta engaged with/rice cultivation - Vietnam is second largest exporter of rice w/25 million metric tonnes of rice a year

Answer 66

- Flooding occurs every year in the lower course - Vietnam & Cambodia - monsoon season between August & November - urbanization. nearby increases severity and risk of flooding due to impermeable surfaces = surface run-off - 2011 floods: - Cambodia - 250 dead, 1/3 of the country covered in flood water, crops in Kratie region destroyed - 200,000 houses flooded & 600 completely destroyed - Thailand - 730 dead, - huge areas of rice paddy fields damaged - 750,000 homes destroyed - Vietnam - 78 deaths & 135,000 homes flooded

Answer 67

- Hundreds of dams in the drainage basin - reduce water going downstream and reduce risk of flooding - Mekong Rivers Commission coordinates flood mitigation strategies across all member countries - information can be shared - Water levels monitored to allow for alerts, warnings & evacuation - Vietnam uses sandbags to prevent flooding - is investigation Cold Flood Prevention Barrier - use of large PVC bags to create a barrier - Yen Nhgia pumping station protects Hanoi, Vietnam by pumping up to 15 m^3 of water per second away from the city

Answer 68

Apple TNC/MNC

Answer 69

- Technology company founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak & Ronald Wayne in 1976 - Apple designs, manufactures & sells wide range of technological goods & services e.g. iPhones - 2018 - became first trillion-dollar public company - Apple's stock market is more than a third of UK's economy & is larger than economies of Turkey & Switzerland

Answer 70

- Headquarters + R&D in Cupertino, California in USA - Have a European headquarters based in Cork, Ireland - Component part suppliers in wide range of high-income countries e.g. USA & Japan & newly emerging economies - Assembly outsourced to Foxconn, Shenzhen, China - Products sold online & in retail Apple stores - 2011 - 44% of Apple's sales in USA

Answer 71

- Has invested in many different countries - FDI (Foreign Direct investment) - Has created many jobs directly & indirectly - Employ 22,000 in Europe & supports 170,000 jobs in Europe through suppliers - Employ 350,000 in Foxconn, Shenzhen, China - pay above minimum wage - positive multiplier effect

Answer 72

- Repatriation of profits - sent back overseas to home country / USA - money taken out of economy - economic leakage - Criticism of wages in China - £2.20 per hour compared to £27.00 in USA - 2012 - 64.3% thought this wage was insufficient to cover basic needs - Many workers concerned of job security - Apple accused of corporate tax avoidance - had to pay 13 billion euros in 2016 in taxes to Ireland & had to agree to pay 10 years of back taxes to France

Answer 73

- Workers generally paid & treated well in countries where apple directly employs - enables people to have a good standard of living