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Geography IGCSE > Unit 1 - Population and settlement > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Population and settlement Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of population

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1
Q

Demographers

A

People who study population

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2
Q

Zero growth

A

A point in which the population number remains unchanged

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3
Q

Natural change

A

The difference between the birth and death rates

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4
Q

Exponential growth

A

A growth rate where the growth of the system is more rapid in proportion to the amount present

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5
Q

Birth rate

A

The total number of babies born per 1000 people

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6
Q

Death rate

A

The total number of deaths per 1000 people in an area each year

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7
Q

Life expectancy

A

A calculated figure that can predict the average period of life a person is to live

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8
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

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9
Q

Fertility rate

A

The ratio between the number of live births in a year and the whole female population of childbearing age

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10
Q

Population distribution

A

A measure of how spread out a population is in any given area

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11
Q

Population density

A

The number of people per unit area

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12
Q

Population structure

A

The way a population of an area can be broken down into groups

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13
Q

GNP

A

The value of all products and services produced by the citizens of a country both domestically and internationally minus income earned by foreign residents

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14
Q

People per doctor

A

The number of individuals served by one physician in a country, if the population was equally distributed across physicians

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15
Q

Densely populated

A

Many people in a small area

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16
Q

Sparsely populated

A

Few people in a large area

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17
Q

Population density equation

A

Population density = Total population ÷ Total land area

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18
Q

Optimum population

A

The population is such that it can maximize the benefits from the resources available and maximize quality of life

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19
Q

Overpopulated

A

The resources cannot sustain the current population

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20
Q

Underpopulated

A

The population cannot fully utilize the resources available

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21
Q

DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

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22
Q

Stages 1 of DTM

A
  • Fluctuating birth rate
  • Fluctuating death rate
  • Low population
  • NEE
  • Example: Ghana
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23
Q

Stage 2 of DTM

A
  • Decreasing birth rate
  • Decreasing death rate
  • Increasing population
  • LIC
  • Example: Russia
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24
Stage 3 of DTM
- Decreasing birth rate - Decreasing death rate - Increasing population - LIC-HIC - Example: China
25
Stage 4 of DTM
- Fluctuating birth rate - Fluctuating death rate - Increasing population - HIC - Example: USA
26
Stage 5 of DTM
- Decreasing birth rate - Stable death rate - Decreasing total population - HIC - Example: Finland
27
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another
28
Health tourism
The visiting of another country for better healthcare
29
Push factors
Reasons to leave a place
30
Pull factors
Reasons to move to a place
31
Common push factors
- Famine - Drought - Natural disasters - Poor living conditions - Poor housing, education and healthcare - Unemployment - War and conflict - Negative agricultural change
32
Common pull factors
- Employment - High incomes - Better healthcare and education - Urban facilities - Way of life - Protection from conflict - Positive agricultural change
33
Positives of migration on origin country
- Unemployment can reduce - less job competition - Less pressure on natural resources - New skills and knowledge when migrants return - Less pressure on services - Money sent back to family and friends - most in local economy
34
Negatives of migration on origin country
- Fewer people to pay taxes - Fewer skilled migrants - brain drain - Harm in economic development - Borders separate families - Gender imbalances
35
Positives of migration on destination country
- Workers will work for low wages and do jobs most won't want to - Increase cultural diversity - Skills gaps are filled - Boost to the local economy - Government tax revenues increase - Public services can benefit from more staff - Immigrant groups can increase birth rates
36
Negatives of migration on destination country
- Pressure on public services - Overcrowding - Language & cultural barriers - Increased pollution - Pressure on natural resources - Racial tensions & discrimination - Increased job competition - Groups may not assimilate - Gender imbalance
37
Positive impacts on migrants
- Opportunity to get a better job - Improved quality of life - Safety from conflict - Opportunities for better education
38
Negative impacts on migrants
- Migrants may run out of money - Communication issues & language barriers - Issues securing accommodations and housing - Illness due to lack of healthcare - Migrants can be exploited - Migrants may experience racism
39
Involuntary migration
- Refugees - Asylum seekers - Undocumented migrants
40
Settlement
A dwelling or groups of dwellings where people live
41
Hamlet
A few houses in a rural area - no amenities - spread out
42
Temporary settlement
Somewhere only lived in for part of the year
43
Permanent settlement
Somewhere lived in at all times
44
Urban
Built up areas including towns and cities
45
Rural
A countryside location
46
Conurbation
Where cities have grown to swallow up other cities
47
Villages
A rural settlement of a collection of houses and a few amenities
48
Cities
A population centre with a large population
49
Towns
A population centre larger than a village but smaller than a city
50
Site
Describes the actual land upon which the settlement is built
51
Situation
Describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding features
52
Settlement patterns
- Linear - Nucleated - Dispersed
53
Linear settlement
Based in a narrow band along a road or other features
54
Nucleated settlement
Centered around a focus point such as a bridge or major crossroads
55
Dispersed settlement
Where a few buildings are spread over a large area
56
Sphere of influence
The area served by a settlement
57
Function of a settlement
What the settlement provides/does
58
Settlement hierarchy
- Capital city - City - Towns - Villages - hamlets
59
Trends of the settlement hierarchy
- Down the group commonality increases - Up the group the larger and more complex the settlement & more services provided
60
Services
Facilities that are offered to people - have threshold populations
61
Threshold population
The minimum number of people needed for a service to be offered
62
Range
The distance people are willing to travel to buy a product or service
63
High order goods/Comparison goods
Products or services that people buy less frequently - often expensive
64
Low order goods/Convenience goods
Products or services that people buy frequently or daily - often purchased locally without comparing quality or price
65
MEDC land use model
Burgess model and Hoyt model
66
Burgess model
A representation of land use in MEDC's with concentric circles
67
Areas of the Burgess model
- CBD - Inner city - Inner suburbs - Outer suburbs - Rural/Urban fringe
68
CBD
- Central Business District - Major transportation - Most economic activity e.g. banks, headquarters, businesses, entertainment - Dense - roads are crammed and busy - Government buildings
69
Inner city
- Low-class residential - Terraced houses for workers - Former industrial area turned to residential
70
Inner suburbs
- Medium class residential - Larger houses - More greenery - Linear roads
71
Outer suburbs
- Large houses - Much more space - Garages, backyards - Usually more expensive
72
Rural/urban fringe
- Residential - Agriculture - Entertainment e.g. golf course
73
Hoyt model
MEDC land use model that uses concentric circles from Burgess model, but adds concentrated sectors along major transportation
74
LEDC land use model
- Industrial zone - Middle-cost housing - CBD - High-class housing - Poor-quality permanent housing - Squatter settlements - Newest squatter settlements
75
Urban sprawl
The expansion of a city into its surrounding rural area
76
Problems of urban sprawl
- Pollution - air, water, noise, visual - Inequality - poor people forces out of the city - Rise in crime & strain on police resources - Housing issues - cost, land shortage, size and quality decrease - Traffic congestion - longer commutes, harder to police - Conflicts over land use - decline in community stigmas and cohesiveness - Strain on resources in certain areas

Geography IGCSE (4 decks)

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