Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacotherapy > Unit 3 - Drug Receptor Complex & ANS > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Drug Receptor Complex & ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic and somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic (cranial/spinal & cranial/sacral) and sympathetic (spinal and thoraco/lumbar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is part of the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary muscle movement (muscles, skin, body walls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two groups of somatic nerves?

A

Cranial and spinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the sensory division of the ANS do?

A

Helps control BP, micturition (urination), defecation, and other activities that do not require conscious thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Autonomic, 2 networks or plexuses of neurons - myenteric plexus (digestive tract motility) and submucous plexus (sensing environment within lumen and regulating blood flow in GI and controlling epithelial cell function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ganglia of the CNS are

A

short axons of preganglionic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ganglia of the PNS are

A

close to the organs and long axons of pre-ganglionic neurons allowing organs to be stimulated individually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced by the somatic motor system preganglionic axons?

A

Nicotinic (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced from the autonomic preganglionic axons in the SNS and PNS?

A

Nicotinic ACh

Sympathetic postganglionic axon produces Adrenergic (Norepinephrine) to stimulate effects

Parasympathetic postganglionic axon produces Muscarinic (ACh)/cholinergic to stimulate effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There is _____ neuron originating in the CNS for the somatic system

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are ___ neurons between the CNS and effector in the autonomic systems?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of axon in the somatic system is directly connected to the striated muscle?

A

one heavily myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of axon in the autonomic systems are there?

A

Preganglionic = myelinated

Postganglionic = unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false: Somatic nervous systems have ganglia

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do the neurons connect in the autonomic systems?

A

Autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false: All of the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release ACh

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: None of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers release NE

A

False - most of them do; most of the sympathetic system utilizes NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic response on the eyes?

A

Pupil dilates to take in more light and allows for more vision in a stressful situation.

21
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic response on the eyes?

A

Constricts pupils - not as much light needed and will not overstimulate the brain with too much light as dilation of pupils would

22
Q

Function of the presynaptic cell

A

neuron that sends message

23
Q

Function of the postsynaptic cell

A

cell that receives message

24
Q

Function of the synaptic cleft

A

small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

25
Q

What is the synapse?

A

area where a neuron communicates with another cell

26
Q

What are the two types of synapses and how do they differ?

A

Electrical - direct physical contact between cells

Chemical - signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

27
Q

Describe the effect of an action potential on the synaptic terminal

A
  1. Action potential arrives and depolarizes synaptic terminal
  2. Calcium enters the terminal and triggers release of ACh
  3. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (initiation of action potential if threshold is reached at initial segment)
  4. ACh is removed by AChE & propagation of action potential (if generated)
28
Q

Cholingeric receptors in the ANS

A

found in synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and in postgangliolic parasympathetic target organs

Nicotinic (found in PNS ganglia and leads to sympathetic and parasympathetic effects) and Muscarinic (found in all parasympathetic target organs)

29
Q

Adrenergic receptors in the ANS

A

found only in sympathetic postganglionic target organs or effectors

a-receptors - stimulate contractions (a1 = contractions [BVs of viscera except heart], a2 = clotting [presynaptic receptors])

b-receptors - inhibit contractions except for heart contractility (b1 = increased HR and force of heart muscle + relaxation of heart BV; b2 = relaxes bronchioles, uterus, and all sympathetic target organs; b3 = increases lipolysis)

30
Q

How does the stimulation of the parasympathetic response effect the heart?

A

If stimulated, ACh is released and binds to M2 receptors which acts to decrease the slope of pacemaker potential and decreases HR

31
Q

How does the stimulation of the sympathetic response effect the heart?

A

postganglionic fivers release noradrenaline which act on B1 adrenoreceptors to increase the slope of pacemaker potential and increases HR and force of contraction

32
Q

If all autonomic input was removed, which system would be dominant - Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic; increased HR and force of contraction

33
Q

Which system would be dominant if a sympathectomy were done?

A

Parasympathetic; decreased HR and force of contraction

34
Q

Atropine is a

A

muscarinic antagonist and constricts the pupil

35
Q

Phenylephrine is an a1 ____________

A

agonist; dilates pupil

36
Q

How does a G Protein-Linked Ion Channel work?

A
  1. Cadiac atrial muscarinic receptors (M2) is coupled with Gi protein
  2. This is connected to a potassium channel
  3. Agonist such as ACh is released
  4. ACh links to muscarinic cholinergic receptor
  5. Opens potassium channel
  6. Cell is hyperpolarized = negative (slows heart)
  7. Causes heart muscle to reach threshold more slowly
  8. Heart rate decreases
37
Q

How does a G protein regulate a slow ligand-gated ion channel?

A

It opens or closes the channel

38
Q

What happens when the Gs protein is stimulated

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor, stimulates G protein
  2. Stimulates activation of enzyme adenylate cyclase
  3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
  4. Gs leads to more intracellular cAMP
  5. cAMP is a second messenger which binds to receptrs in cell and activates inactive protein (kinase)
  6. Kinases activate inactive enzymes by adding PO4^3- (eventually, cAMP is broken down by phosphodiesterase)
  7. Inhibits smooth muscle contraction
39
Q

What happens when the Gi protein is stimulated?

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor
  2. Stimulates Gi protein
  3. Gi inhibits activation of adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  5. Gi leads to less intracellular cAMP
  6. Less cAMP = less activation of kinase/phosphokinase A (PKA)
  7. Low PKA activity leaves Ca in sarcoplasm and allows calcium to initiate smooth-muscle contractions
  8. Calcium+Calmodulin combine to form complex
  9. Activates myosin light chain kinase and causes smooth muscle contraction
40
Q

What kind of PG is Misoprostol?

A

E1

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?

A
  1. Synthetic PG E1 analog that stimulates PG E1 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach to reduce gastric acid secretion
  2. Mucus and bicarbonate secretion are also increased along with thickening of the mucosal bilayer so the mucosa can generate new cells.
  3. Misoprostol binds to smooth muscle cells in the uterine lining to increase the strength and frequency of contractions as well as degrade collagen and reduce cervical tone. (stimulates Gi protein)
42
Q

What is the pathway of the Gq protein?

A
  1. First messenger hormone binds to receptor
  2. Gq protein activated
  3. Converts PIP2 into DAG and IP3
  4. IP3 (second messenger) moves to endoplasmic reticulum and causes the release of Ca2+
  5. Causes contraction
43
Q

Which receptor does Ergonovine use?

A

alpha 1 adrenoreceptor

44
Q

What is the pathway of ergonovine for stimulating contractions?

A
  1. Ergonovine binds to a1-receptor
  2. Gq protein stimulated
  3. Activates PLC which splits PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
  4. DAG opens the calcium channel in the membrane & extracellular Ca enters and cytoplasmic Ca increases
  5. IP3 opens Ca channel on sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Calcium enteres cytoplasm and binds to calmodulin
  7. Ca2+Calmodulin activates MLCK
  8. Contraction
45
Q

What are first messengers?

A

Hormones or neurotransmitters

46
Q

What do second messengers do?

A

Amplify effect, slow down the process, prolong the duration of the effect

47
Q

How do G proteins amplify effects?

A

Gs and other G proteins activate their downstream effectors when bound by GTP and also have the ability to hydrolyze GTP.

Hydrolysis reaction inactivates the G protein, but can occur at a relatively slow rate, effectively amplifying the transduced signal by allowing the activated (GTP-bound) G protein to have a longer lifetime in the cell than the activated receptor itself (NE).

48
Q

What kind of drugs require a second messenger?

A

lipophilic because they cannot pass the cell membrane

Pharmacotherapy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions