Unit 3- DNA, RNA, and Biotechnology Flashcards
Cell cycle
Regular sequence of growth and division that cell undergo
Mitosis
Stage in the cell cycle where 1 thing of DNA is equally distributed between 2 identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
A cell division where chromosome numbers are reduced by half and the daughter cells are destruct genetically from their parents.
G1 phase
Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.
G2 phase
Cells continue normal function and more growth, things must be in order before the next stage.
S phase
Cells are copying their nuclear DNA, before this stage DNA is stored loosely and stage S organizes it in the nucleus in 2 complete DNA sets.
(Mitosis)
Prophase
Chromatin condenses, nucleus breaks down, centrioles move apart, spindles form
(Mitosis)
Metaphase
Chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell.
(Mitosis)
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere with each sister chromatid moving to opposite sides of the cell
(Mitosis)
Telophase
Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.
Purines
An organic molecule that has a DOUBLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
(adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines
An organic molecule that has a SINGLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
(ThYmine and cYtosine)
Nucleotides
A monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Replication
Copying DNA in a cell
Transcription
Genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA.
Translation
The process of genetics codes (nucleotides in RNA) —> amino acids —-> proteins
Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
mRNA
(Messenger RNA) it Carrie’s genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell during transcription.
tRNA
(Transfer RNA) A single chain of nucleotides fold into the shape of a bobby-pin and bind to certain amino acids.
rRNA
(Ribosomal RNA) is globular forms of RNA nucleotides. Proteins join the RNA to make up the ribosomes where protein is made.
Protein synthesis
Proteins carry out genetic instructions encoded in a organisms DNA. They are made of sequences of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds.
Recombinant DNA/ genetic engineering
A segment of DNA from at least 2 different organisms. Applied genetics where a scientist manipulates genes directly.
Mutagenesis
Genetic information of an organism is changed by mutation. Mutation is changing the DNA sequence.
Cloning
Making a genetically identical copy of a single gene or organism.
Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
A technique used to quickly make many copies of selected segments of DNA.
Artificial selection
When humans change certain traits to modify a species artificially
Gene therapy
Treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect
Stem cells
A cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining the same. Also can become any cell that is already present in blood.
What do nucleotides contain
Nucleotides contain a sugar molecule, which is attached to a phosphate group, and has a nitrogen containing base.
Base pairing for DNA
AT Crazy Girl
A-T
T-A
C-G
G-C
Base pairing RNA
Au Crazy Girl
A-U
T-A
C-G
G-C
Mitosis vs meiosis ( 12 points)
PURPOSE
Mitosis- creates 2 identical daughter cells to increase number of cells in the body, and for growth and repair.
Meiosis-To produce gametes with half the genetics of a parent cell, genetic diversity.
REPRODUCTION TYPE
Mitosis-Asexual
Meiosis-Sexual reproduction
DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED
Mitosis-2 daughter cells(diploid)
Meiosis-4 daughter cells(haploid)
DIVISION NUMBERS
Mitosis-1 cell division
Meiosis-2 cell divisions
IDENTICAL OR NOT COMPARED TO EACHOTHER
Mitosis- Identiacal
Meiosis- Different
CONTAINS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMSOMES
Mitosis-doesn’t contain homologous chromosomes
Meiosis-does contain homologous chromosomes
CHROMATIN CONDENSES
Mitosis-yes chromatin condenses
Meiosis-yes chromatin condenses
CELL TYPES PRODUCED
Mitosis-2 identical body cells
Meiosis- 4 gamete sex cells
DAUGHTER VS PARENT CELLS
Mitosis-identical daughter cell to parent cell
Meiosis-different daughter cell to parent cell
HAPLOID OR DIPLOID
Mitosis-diploid
Meiosis-haploid
CROSSING OVER
Mitosis-crossing over doesn’t occur
Meiosis-crossing over does occur
INTERPHASE
Mitosis-occurs before mitosis
Meiosis-occurs before meiosis
Benefits of GMOs
-Produce more food
-Cost less
-Have no known risks from eating
-Easier to grow food because you can modify them around problems.
Concerns of GMOs (6 points)
-Modified and not natural
-How far is this gonna go until they aren’t even crops anymore
-This may cause a health problem (unknown)
-Allergies
-Gene transfer
-Outcrossing
DNA vs RNA (6 points)
FUNCTION
-DNA recreates and stores genetic information. It is a blueprint for all genetic information contained within an organism. RNA converts the genetic information contained within DNA to build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal protein factories.
STRUCTURE
-DNA is a double helix made by 2 strand , RNA is 1 strand
SUGAR
-DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose sugars.
BASES & BASE PAIRS
-DNA is Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine (A,T,G,C)
-RNA Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine (A,U,C,G)
BOTH
-Made with nucleotides
-Both have 4 nitrogen bases
-
Crossing over (when does it occur)
When 2 homologous chromosomes pair together and they cross each other. Some of their segments break off and reattach to the other chromosome. This is how sibling look different because crossing over can many many different gene combinations. This happened in prophase 1.
(Mitosis)
Prophase
(Mitosis)
Metaphase
(Mitosis)
Anaphase
(Mitosis)
Telophase
(Meiosis)
Prophase 1
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 1
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 1
(Meiosis)
Telophase 1
(Meiosis)
Prophase 2
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 2
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 2
(Meiosis)
Telophase 2
(Meiosis and Mitosis)
Interphase
(Meiosis and Mitosis)
Cytokinesis
(Meiosis)
Prophase 1
Nucleus breaks down, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, homologous chromosomes pair up, and crossing over occurs
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 1
pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
(Meiosis)
Telophase 1
Spindle fibers dissolve and new nuclei from around the cell.
(Meiosis)
Prophase 2
Nucleus breaks down and chromatin condenses into chromosomes
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 2
When individual chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 2
Chromosomes are split at the centromere and the individual chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
(Meiosis)
Telophase 2
Spindle fibers dissolve and new nuclei from around the chromosomes.
Interphase
(Mitosis & Meiosis)
A stage in the cell cycle when the cell copies it’s DNA, the cell grows, and the cell prepares to divide.
Cytokinesis
The last stage in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm of the cell divides
