Unit 3- DNA, RNA, and Biotechnology Flashcards
Cell cycle
Regular sequence of growth and division that cell undergo
Mitosis
Stage in the cell cycle where 1 thing of DNA is equally distributed between 2 identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
A cell division where chromosome numbers are reduced by half and the daughter cells are destruct genetically from their parents.
G1 phase
Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.
G2 phase
Cells continue normal function and more growth, things must be in order before the next stage.
S phase
Cells are copying their nuclear DNA, before this stage DNA is stored loosely and stage S organizes it in the nucleus in 2 complete DNA sets.
(Mitosis)
Prophase
Chromatin condenses, nucleus breaks down, centrioles move apart, spindles form
(Mitosis)
Metaphase
Chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell.
(Mitosis)
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere with each sister chromatid moving to opposite sides of the cell
(Mitosis)
Telophase
Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.
Purines
An organic molecule that has a DOUBLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
(adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines
An organic molecule that has a SINGLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
(ThYmine and cYtosine)
Nucleotides
A monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Replication
Copying DNA in a cell
Transcription
Genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA.
Translation
The process of genetics codes (nucleotides in RNA) —> amino acids —-> proteins
Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
mRNA
(Messenger RNA) it Carrie’s genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell during transcription.
tRNA
(Transfer RNA) A single chain of nucleotides fold into the shape of a bobby-pin and bind to certain amino acids.
rRNA
(Ribosomal RNA) is globular forms of RNA nucleotides. Proteins join the RNA to make up the ribosomes where protein is made.
Protein synthesis
Proteins carry out genetic instructions encoded in a organisms DNA. They are made of sequences of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds.
Recombinant DNA/ genetic engineering
A segment of DNA from at least 2 different organisms. Applied genetics where a scientist manipulates genes directly.
Mutagenesis
Genetic information of an organism is changed by mutation. Mutation is changing the DNA sequence.
Cloning
Making a genetically identical copy of a single gene or organism.