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BIO H EJ Rhine > Unit 3 DNA & Heredity EJR > Flashcards

Unit 3 DNA & Heredity EJR Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adenine

A

one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids

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2
Q

amino acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

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3
Q

anticodon

A

three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule

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4
Q

cell types

A

the basic functional units of an organism

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5
Q

cell differentiation

A

cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

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6
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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7
Q

codon

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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9
Q

cytosine

A

compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids

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10
Q

deoxyribose

A

a sugar that has five carbon atoms and four oxygen atoms in each molecule and is part of DNA

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11
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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12
Q

double helix

A

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

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14
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.

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15
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

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17
Q

guanine

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA

18
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom

19
Q

RNA

A

nucleic acid present in all living cells

20
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

21
Q

nitrogenous base

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base.

22
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside

23
Q

nucleic acid

A

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

24
Q

nucleotide

A

A molecule that is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

25
Q

nucleus

A

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

26
Q

Peptide bond

A

an amide type of covalent chemical bond

27
Q

phosphate group

A

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

28
Q

polypeptides

A

biomaterials composed of repeating amino acid units linked by a peptide bond

29
Q

protein synthesis

A

formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.

30
Q

ribose

A

a sugar that is naturally produced by the body from food

31
Q

ribosome

A

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

32
Q

mRNA

A

a molecule that contains the instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery

33
Q

rRNA

A

molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome

34
Q

start codon

A

the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome

35
Q

stop codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell.

36
Q

thymine

A

a pyrimidine base C5H6N2O2 that is one of the four bases coding genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of DNA

37
Q

transcription

A

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

38
Q

translation

A

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA

39
Q

tRNA

A

a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

40
Q

uracil

A

one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA.

41
Q

vesicle

A

a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

BIO H EJ Rhine (7 decks)

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